The "digital pathogen" concept: epidemiological approach to problem of disorders associated with information technologies.

The article is devoted to conceptualization of current scientific experience of studying disorders associated with information technologies. Over the past decades, prevalence of information technologies in world modern society occurs with such intensity that detailed study of influence of this factor on health is significantly lagged behind. In the last decade, a number of pathological conditions associated with application of modern information technologies, in particular psychological and psychiatric profile, was described. The new concepts of Internet addiction, gambling, problematic use of technologies, etc., describing individual response of patients, are introduced. At that, lack of fundamental understanding of both etiology and pathogenesis of described conditions due to multiform specifics, high comorbidity and active evolution of digital society. The article attempts to fill this gap and to approach issue on population scale, namely to evaluate from perspective of epidemiological method characteristics of occurrence, spread and termination of pathogenic effects. The analysis of existing studies suggests that causation of emerging disorders is related not only to addictive behavior and prolonged exposure to information flow, but also to different pathogenicity of its particular components, causing various clinical forms of health disorders in individual with different levels of susceptibility. The pattern of new unique pathogen with specific propagation in human population is described - indirectly through digital environment - and capable of replication within specific ecological niche, i.e. digital pathogen tropic to bio-substrates of higher nervous activity. At that, the duration of contact with digital environment is considered as necessary but insufficient cause of development of pathological process that corresponds to empirical data. The most important property of digital pathogen propagation is its ability to replicate in anthropogenic abiotic digital environment, which is conditioned by its nature, mechanisms of accumulation and distribution. It is also noteworthy that basic principles of dissemination of information flows in social networks largely repeat principles of propagation of infectious pathogens in nature and are characterized by unique mechanism and ways of its transmission. It is concluded that in modern conditions there is a need to study problem of pathology associated with digital environment at population level from position of epidemiological method. The important aspects are joint efforts in studying and classifying new pathogen at interdisciplinary level and developing preventive measures.

[Chromosomal localization of aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase fast-migrating isoenzyme Aadh1F (CAD1-F) gene in Triticum aestivum L. bread wheat].

Differences in isoenzyme pattern of aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase, NADP-AADH or CAD, were found in the Triticum aestivum L. winter bread wheat cultivars by the method of electrophoresis in the starch gel. A standard three-component spectrum is present in the cv. Zitnica (former Yugoslavia); additional fact-migrating isoenzymes appear in the cv. Novosibirskaya 9 (Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia). The presence of fast-migrating CAD isoenzymes is designated as FF phenotype; their absence, as 00 phenotype. Hybridological analysis was carried out; the excess of "null" genotypes was found in F2 progenies. Hybridization with nulli-tetrasomic lines of the chromosomes of the fifth homeologous group was conducted for the gene localization. The segregation analysis demonstrated the most probable localization of the CAD1-F gene in the chromosome 5A. The plants with FF and 00 genotypes differed in a number of chemical and anatomical traits, as well as in grain productivity. The results obtained are discussed in connection with the function of this enzyme in the wheat plant tissues.

[The organization of informational support of health care management].

The article considers analysis and generalization of experience of the Nijegorodskaia oblast concerning development and implementation of effective management models of informational support of health care that can become a basis for structural and functional transformations in other regions of Russia. The proposed logistic concept is an effective tool of designing, modernization and development of system of informational support of regional health care that is proved by its successful application for resolving tasks of various scale and complicacy, including successful achievement of target indices of regional program of modernization of the Nijegorodskaia oblast.

[On the issue of life-style of adolescents residing in rural locality].

The social economic well-being of country depends to a large extent on health condition of rising generation. However, nowadays researchers note increasing of chronic pathology in adolescents with leading positions taken by diseases of gastrointestinal tract. The style of life is one of leading factors of development of this pathology. The study of style of life of rural adolescents was carried out using technique of anonymous survey. The results of study had no contradictions with data of other researchers who detected the same patterns during implementation of sociological studies of adolescents in various regions of Russia. It is possible to establish that at actual stage still there are reliable and significant risks of deterioration of health of present adolescents conditioned by their style of life and first of all by prevalence of harmful habits.

[THE PREVALENCE OF RISK FACTORS OF CHRONIC NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN POPULATION OF THE NIZHEGORODSKAIA OBLAST ACCORDING DATA OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL MONITORING].

Nowadays, prevalence of chronic noninfectious diseases takes character of epidemic. In connection with this, development and implementation of preventive programs is necessary to be applied. The implemented activities require an effective control system. The epidemiological monitoring of risk factors of chronic noninfectious diseases is to become an instrument of such control. The implementation of this instrument was realized on the teritoery of the Nizhegorodskaia oblast. The actual study permitted revealing of available risk factors. The following stage of study is planned to implement in 2017.

[The organization of system of information support of regional health care].

The comparative analysis was implemented concerning versions of architecture of segment of unified public information system of health care within the framework of the regional program of modernization of Nizhniy Novgorod health care system. The author proposed means of increasing effectiveness of public investments on the basis of analysis of aggregate value of ownership of information system. The evaluation is given concerning running up to target program indicators and dynamics of basic indicators of informatization of institutions of oblast health care system.

[Inheritance and phenotype expression of functional and null alleles of aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) in diploid wheats].

Functional F and null 0 alleles of the CAD1 (Aadh1) gene, which controls the biosynthesis of aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase, were studied in hybrids of the diploid wheat T. monococcum L. and Triticum sinskajae A.Filat. et Kurk. The gene CAD1 is located in chromosome 5A and is linked with the awnless gene awnS (La) with a recombination frequency of about 32%. Plants with genotypes FF, F0, and 00 were significantly different in the height and mechanical strength of the stalk (culm). The elastic limit of the culm tissues of plants FF was considerably higher than in 00 plants. F0 heterozygotes had intermediate values. The thickness of the wall of the sclerenchyma was thinner in plants with genotype 00. The chemical structure of lignin of plants with the functional CAD allele contained units of a phloroglucinol series missing in the mutant plants. The CAD genotypes had no effect on the relative content of cellulose and lignin in stalks ofdiploid wheat and insignificantly influenced the ratio of H :G : S units in the lignin structure, as well as some components of extractives.

[The order of the bs, Skdh, and Aadh1 genes in chromosome 5R of rye Secale cereale L].

Segregation analysis was performed in the progenies obtained in analyzing crosses of hybrids of spring and winter accessions of rye Secale cereale L. and wild S. montanum subsp. anatolicum (Grossh.) Tzvel. (syn. S. strictum (J. Presl) J. Presl). The test genes controlled the brittle stem (bs), the allelic variants of aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase (Aadh 1) and shikimate dehydrogenase (Skdh), and the growth habit (Vrn 1). A linkage was observed in the inheritance of the brittle stem and the aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase and shikimate dehydrogenase alloenzymes. The order of genes was established to be bs-Skdh-Aadh 1, and the genetic distances were estimated to be bs-(9.0%)-Skdh, bs-(10.8%)-Aadh 1, and Skdh-(5.3%)-Aadh 1. The recombination coefficient between the Skdh and Aadh 1 genes varied from 2.2 to 18.2%, averaging 5.3%. The growth habit was inherited independently of the bs-Skdh-Aadh 1 linkage group.

Experiment LEND of the NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter for high-resolution mapping of neutron emission of the Moon.

The scientific objectives of neutron mapping of the Moon are presented as 3 investigation tasks of NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission. Two tasks focus on mapping hydrogen content over the entire Moon and on testing the presence of water-ice deposits at the bottom of permanently shadowed craters at the lunar poles. The third task corresponds to the determination of neutron contribution to the total radiation dose at an altitude of 50 km above the Moon. We show that the Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector (LEND) will be capable of carrying out all 3 investigations. The design concept of LEND is presented together with results of numerical simulations of the instrument's sensitivity for hydrogen detection. The sensitivity of LEND is shown to be characterized by a hydrogen detection limit of about 100 ppm for a polar reference area with a radius of 5 km. If the presence of ice deposits in polar "cold traps" is confirmed, a unique record of many millions of years of lunar history would be obtained, by which the history of lunar impacts could be discerned from the layers of water ice and dust. Future applications of a LEND-type instrument for Mars orbital observations are also discussed.

[Comparative genetic analysis of diploid naked wheat Triticum sinskajae and the progenitor T. monococcum accession].

The inheritance of several morphological and biochemical traits was studied in diploid (2n = 2x = 14) naked wheat Triticum sinskajae. The electrophoretic pattern of storage proteins (gliadins) of T. sinskajae differed only in two components from the pattern of T. monococcum accession k-20970, in a population of which T. sinskajae had been discovered. Analysis of biochemical polymorphisms revealed a difference between T. monococcum k-20970 and T. sinskajae in a slow 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase region but not in the other eight enzyme systems examined. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the nuclear Acc-1 (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) gene revealed a 46-bp deletion from intron 11 in T. monococcum k-20970 but not in T. sinskajae. This difference was not regarded as species-specific in view of the intraspecific polymorphism of the Acc-1 locus in T. monococcum. A monogenic control was demonstrated for the spring growth habit of T. sinskajae, and the monogenic control of the specific T. sinskajae ear shape was verified. The T. sinskajae ear shape is controlled by a recessive gene, while the T. monococcum ear shape is controlled by a dominant gene. The T. sinskajae ear shape, nakedness, soft glume, aristate glume, and the oblique brachium of the outer glume proved to be linked. The set of E. sin-skajae diagnostic characters is determined by a single (possibly, regulatory) gene or a set of closely linked genes. The two other genes specific to T. sinskajae-awnS, determining the awnlessness, and fig, determining the nonfissile inner (flower) glume--are, respectively, 1.35 +/- 0.98 and 3.34 +/- 1.54% of crossing over away from the mom gene, which determines the T. sinskajae ear shape.

[Inheritance and expression of gametophyte gene Adh-P causing modification of alcohol dehydrogenase in pollen grains of the beet (Beta vulgaris L.)]. / Nasledovanie i ékspressiia gametofitnogo gena Adh-P vyzyvaiushchego modifikatsiiu alkogol'degidrogenazy v pyl'tsevykh zernakh svekly (Beta vulgaris L.).

An additional alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity zone denoted ADH-P ("pollen") has a slightly lower mobility than the major protein ADH1 (the product of structural locus Adh1). This zone is detected in maturing and mature pollen grains and has not been found in any other tissue. ADH-P is detected by electrophoresis in a neutral medium (at pH 7.0-7.2). In an alkaline medium (pH > 8), protein ADH-P is completely inactivated, whereas protein ADH1 retains its activity. ADH-P is a modified variant of the major protein ADH1. Both alleles of the main structural gene (Adh1-F and Adh1-S) undergo modification. The pollen of an FS heterozygote has two variants of the modified enzyme: ADH-PS and ADH-PF. Analysis of segregation in F2 offsprings and test crosses has confirmed that this character is controlled by the only gene Adh-P with allelic variants Adh-P+ (the presence of the modified ADH protein in the pollen) and Adh-P- (the normal protein). Allele Adh-P+ is transmitted through female gametes at a normal frequency (about 1) and through male gametes at a decreased frequency (0.2-0.6), the mean frequency being about 0.4. The frequency of the transmission of allele Adh-P+ through male gametes depends on the genotype of the female parent and the conditions of pollination. Cytoembryological study of microsporogenesis in the Adh-P+/Adh-P- heterozygotes demonstrated an absence of any disturbances in the formation of microspores and pollen grains. Some differences in the formation of pollen tubes on an artificial medium have been observed. It is assumed that the differences between the Adh-P+ and Adh-P- microgametophytes manifest themselves at the progamic phase of fertilization. The possible mechanisms of the formation of the modified ADH-P protein are discussed in connection with the differential activity of genes in the microgametophytes of angiosperms.

[Dependence of the combining ability of mutant sugar beet plants on their phenotype]. / Zavisimost' kombinatsionnoi sposobnosti mutantnykh rastenii sakharnoi svekly ot ikh fenotipa.

Repetitive gametic selection for a higher frequency of the Adh1-S semilethal mutant allele of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) gene yielded viable homozygotes Adh1-SS. The plants varied in phenotype from weak mutant to nearly normal (restored). Phenotypically different plants were individually tested for combining ability. This parameter was high in plants with the mutant phenotype and tended to decrease, rather than further increase, in plants with a restored normal phenotype. The results are discussed in terms of viability restoration mechanisms in homozygotes for semilethal mutant alleles.

[Viable mutant homozygotes at Adh1 locus in sugar beet and their combination ablility]. / Poluchenie zhiznesposobnykh mutantnykh gomozigot po lokusu Adh1 u sakharnoi svekly i izuchenie ikh kombinatsionnoi sposobnosti.

Selection for an increased frequency of mutant semilethal allele Adh1-S of the gene for alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) was conducted in inbred families of sugar beet. Starting from the fourth generation, viable plants of mutant Adh1-SS homozygotes appeared. In the sixth generation of selection, the combinative ability of mutant homozygotes SS, normal homozygotes FF, and heterozygotes FS was estimated. The hybrids of mutant homozygotes outperformed the hybrids of normal homozygotes in all parameters examined (germinating capacity of seeds, length and weight of 1-week shoots, chlorophyll content in leaves, and root weight). The hybrids of heterozygotes had intermediate values of the parameters. The results obtained are discussed with regard to the mechanisms underlying the recovery of viability of mutant homozygotes and the formation of a compensating gene complex (CGC).