An investigation of depression, anxiety, and stress and its relating factors during COVID-19 pandemic in Iran.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging epidemic caused by the new Coronavirus. It has affected more than 200 countries, infected 5,939,234 people, and killed 367,255 in the world until 1 June 2020. While the disease epidemic could affect population mental health, this study aimed to investigate stress, anxiety, and depression during the Corona pandemic in Iran. METHODS: An online survey was designed using the depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21) questionnaire. The questionnaire was available for all Iranian population from 18 to 28 April 2020. Finally, 1498 participants filled the questionnaire using snowball sampling. Data were analyzed using multivariate regression models. RESULTS: Findings showed that most participants had experienced a normal level of stress (36.6%), anxiety (57.9%) and depression (47.9%). About 2.5% of respondents report an extremely severe level of stress. This amount of anxiety and depression was 6.3 and 7.9%, respectively. Regression model showed being female (CI: - 1.299; - 0.248), living with a high risk family member (CI: 0.325; 1.400), health status (CI: - 0.857; - 0.595), economic status (CI: - 0.396; - 0.141), social capital (CI: - 0.475; - 0.244), risk of disease (CI: 0.081; 0.729), and following COVID-19 news (CI: 0.111; 0.551) have a relation with stress level. Education level (CI: - 0.252; - 0.017), living with a high risk family member (CI: 0.0301; 1.160), health status (CI: - 0.682; - 0.471), social capital (CI: - 0.236; - 0.048), risk of disease (CI: 0.154; 0.674), and following COVID-19 news (CI: 0.046; 0.401) have a relation with anxiety score. Depression score was in relation with education level (CI: - 0.263; - 0.022), having a high-risk family member (CI: 0.292; 1.155), health status (CI: - 0.687; - 0.476), social capital (CI: - 0.235; - 0.048), risk of disease (CI: 0.144; 0.667), and following Covid-19 news (CI: 0.053; 0.408). CONCLUSIONS: Most of the factors related to depression, anxiety, and stress are related to COVID-19, such as having a vulnerable person in the family, risk of disease, and following COVID-19 news. The findings suggest the factors that should be taken into consideration for improving population mental health during pandemics.

A Comprehensive Tool for Usability Evaluation of Telehealth.

INTRODUCTION: Telehealth has a high potential for delivering healthcare by overcoming the geographical distance, increased access to care, and efficiency. To obtain the potential benefits of telehealth, this system should be usable to the patients and healthcare providers. The aim of this study was to report a new comprehensive tool for assessing the usability of telehealth services and systems, covering different aspects of usability. METHOD: We searched the keywords, such as telemedicine, telehealth, usability, satisfaction, questionnaires, and evaluation in Google, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar from 1988 to 2019. All the studies that used the Telehealth services and computer& information technology evaluation tools were included. RESULT: We identified 204 items and extracted 10 criteria that were classified into two categories. The first category is system usability, which includes Efficiency, Memorability, Learnability, Usefulness, and Satisfaction. Second category system reliability, included Interaction, Interface design, Saving, System capabilities, and Getting rid of Errors. This tool consider many aspects of telehealth service evaluation from the usability aspect. CONCLUSION: Further studies are warranted to evaluate other aspects of Telehealth services and measuring reliability so that researchers can have access to a comprehensive tool for assessing interventions in the field of Telemedicine and Telehealth.