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1.
J Wildl Dis ; 47(3): 780-3, 2011 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21719853

ABSTRACT

One isolate of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was detected in 2,212 fecal samples of wild deer assembled in overwintering sites (OwS). Neither M. bovis nor M. a. subsp. avium was found. Therefore, congregating deer in OwSs does not automatically lead to the amplification of these pathogens among animals in OWSs.


Subject(s)
Deer/microbiology , Mass Screening/veterinary , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/isolation & purification , Animals , Animals, Wild/microbiology , Feces/microbiology , Female , Male , Paratuberculosis/epidemiology , Seasons
2.
BMC Microbiol ; 9: 212, 2009 Oct 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19811631

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) causes an infectious chronic enteritis (paratuberculosis or Johne's disease) principally of ruminants. The epidemiology of Map is poorly understood, particularly with respect to the role of wildlife reservoirs and the controversial issue of zoonotic potential (Crohn's disease). Genotypic discrimination of Map isolates is pivotal to descriptive epidemiology and resolving these issues. This study was undertaken to determine the genetic diversity of Map, enhance our understanding of the host range and distribution and assess the potential for interspecies transmission. RESULTS: 164 Map isolates from seven European countries representing 19 different host species were genotyped by standardized IS900--restriction fragment length polymorphism (IS900-RFLP), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) and mycobacterial interspersed repeat unit-variable number tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) analyses. Six PstI and 17 BstEII IS900-RFLP, 31 multiplex [SnaBI-SpeI] PFGE profiles and 23 MIRU-VNTR profiles were detected. AFLP gave insufficient discrimination of isolates for meaningful genetic analysis. Point estimates for Simpson's index of diversity calculated for the individual typing techniques were in the range of 0.636 to 0.664 but a combination of all three methods increased the discriminating power to 0.879, sufficient for investigating transmission dynamics. Two predominant strain types were detected across Europe with all three typing techniques. Evidence for interspecies transmission between wildlife and domestic ruminants on the same property was demonstrated in four cases, between wildlife species on the same property in two cases and between different species of domestic livestock on one property. CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that it is necessary to use multiple genotyping techniques targeting different sources of genetic variation to obtain the level of discrimination necessary to investigate transmission dynamics and trace the source of Map infections. Furthermore, the combination of genotyping techniques may depend on the geographical location of the population to be tested. Identical genotypes were obtained from Map isolated from different host species co-habiting on the same property strongly suggesting that interspecies transmission occurs. Interspecies transmission of Map between wildlife species and domestic livestock on the same property provides further evidence to support a role for wildlife reservoirs of infection.


Subject(s)
Animals, Wild/microbiology , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/genetics , Paratuberculosis/transmission , Ruminants/microbiology , Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis , Animals , Animals, Domestic/microbiology , Bacterial Typing Techniques , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field , Europe/epidemiology , Genotype , Minisatellite Repeats , Molecular Epidemiology/methods , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/classification , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/isolation & purification , Paratuberculosis/epidemiology , Paratuberculosis/microbiology , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
3.
J Wildl Dis ; 42(3): 691-5, 2006 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17092904

ABSTRACT

The incidence of mycobacterial infections was monitored in brown bears (Ursus arctos) in the National Park Low Tatras in the central European Carpathians in Slovakia. Tissue samples of 20 brown bears were examined microscopically and by culture for the presence of mycobacteria. Acid-fast rods were detected by Ziehl-Neelsen staining in a smear from the kidney of one brown bear, although the culture was negative for mycobacteria. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, the causative agent of paratuberculosis in ruminants, was isolated from the intestinal mucosa of another two brown bears. The isolates were identified by polymerase chain reaction for the specific insertion sequence IS900. Using standardized IS900 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, the M. a. paratuberculosis isolates were classified as RFLP type B-C1, which also were detected in the infected cattle in surrounding area. This study describes the first isolation of M. a. paratuberculosis from a brown bear. Our results confirm that animal species other than ruminants can become infected with M. a. paratuberculosis and can act as potential vectors and/or reservoirs of the infection.


Subject(s)
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/genetics , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/isolation & purification , Paratuberculosis/diagnosis , Ursidae/microbiology , Animals , DNA Transposable Elements , DNA, Bacterial/chemistry , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , Female , Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology , Male , Molecular Epidemiology , Paratuberculosis/epidemiology , Paratuberculosis/transmission , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , Slovakia/epidemiology
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