Shared decision-making for supporting women's decisions about breast cancer screening.

BACKGROUND: In breast cancer screening programmes, women may have discussions with a healthcare provider to help them decide whether or not they wish to join the breast cancer screening programme. This process is called shared decision-making (SDM) and involves discussions and decisions based on the evidence and the person's values and preferences. SDM is becoming a recommended approach in clinical guidelines, extending beyond decision aids. However, the overall effect of SDM in women deciding to participate in breast cancer screening remains uncertain. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of SDM on women's satisfaction, confidence, and knowledge when deciding whether to participate in breast cancer screening. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Breast Cancer Group's Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform on 8 August 2023. We also screened abstracts from two relevant conferences from 2020 to 2023. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included parallel randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster-RCTs assessing interventions targeting various components of SDM. The focus was on supporting women aged 40 to 75 at average or above-average risk of breast cancer in their decision to participate in breast cancer screening. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently assessed studies for inclusion and conducted data extraction, risk of bias assessment, and GRADE assessment of the certainty of the evidence. Review outcomes included satisfaction with the decision-making process, confidence in the decision made, knowledge of all options, adherence to the chosen option, women's involvement in SDM, woman-clinician communication, and mental health. MAIN RESULTS: We identified 19 studies with 64,215 randomised women, mostly with an average to moderate risk of breast cancer. Two studies covered all aspects of SDM; six examined shortened forms of SDM involving communication on risks and personal values; and 11 focused on enhanced communication of risk without other SDM aspects. SDM involving all components compared to control The two eligible studies did not assess satisfaction with the SDM process or confidence in the decision. Based on a single study, SDM showed uncertain effects on participant knowledge regarding the age to start screening (risk ratio (RR) 1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61 to 2.28; 133 women; very low certainty evidence) and frequency of testing (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.04; 133 women; very low certainty evidence). Other review outcomes were not measured. Abbreviated forms of SDM with clarification of values and preferences compared to control Of the six included studies, none evaluated satisfaction with the SDM process. These interventions may reduce conflict in the decision made, based on two measures, Decisional Conflict Scale scores (mean difference (MD) -1.60, 95% CI -4.21 to 0.87; conflict scale from 0 to 100; 4 studies; 1714 women; very low certainty evidence) and the proportion of women with residual conflict compared to control at one to three months' follow-up (rate of women with a conflicted decision, RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.99; 1 study; 1001 women, very low certainty evidence). Knowledge of all options was assessed through knowledge scores and informed choice. The effect of SDM may enhance knowledge (MDs ranged from 0.47 to 1.44 higher scores on a scale from 0 to 10; 5 studies; 2114 women; low certainty evidence) and may lead to higher rates of informed choice (RR 1.24, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.63; 4 studies; 2449 women; low certainty evidence) compared to control at one to three months' follow-up. These interventions may result in little to no difference in anxiety (MD 0.54, 95% -0.96 to 2.14; scale from 20 to 80; 2 studies; 749 women; low certainty evidence) and the number of women with worries about cancer compared to control at four to six weeks' follow-up (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.06; 1 study, 639 women; low certainty evidence). Other review outcomes were not measured. Enhanced communication about risks without other SDM aspects compared to control Of 11 studies, three did not report relevant outcomes for this review, and none assessed satisfaction with the SDM process. Confidence in the decision made was measured by decisional conflict and anticipated regret of participating in screening or not. These interventions, without addressing values and preferences, may result in lower confidence in the decision compared to regular communication strategies at two weeks' follow-up (MD 2.89, 95% CI -2.35 to 8.14; Decisional Conflict Scale from 0 to 100; 2 studies; 1191 women; low certainty evidence). They may result in higher anticipated regret if participating in screening (MD 0.28, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.41) and lower anticipated regret if not participating in screening (MD -0.28, 95% CI -0.42 to -0.14). These interventions increase knowledge (MD 1.14, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.62; scale from 0 to 10; 4 studies; 2510 women; high certainty evidence), while it is unclear if there is a higher rate of informed choice compared to regular communication strategies at two to four weeks' follow-up (RR 1.27, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.92; 2 studies; 1805 women; low certainty evidence). These interventions result in little to no difference in anxiety (MD 0.33, 95% CI -1.55 to 0.99; scale from 20 to 80) and depression (MD 0.02, 95% CI -0.41 to 0.45; scale from 0 to 21; 2 studies; 1193 women; high certainty evidence) and lower cancer worry compared to control (MD -0.17, 95% CI -0.26 to -0.08; scale from 1 to 4; 1 study; 838 women; high certainty evidence). Other review outcomes were not measured. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Studies using abbreviated forms of SDM and other forms of enhanced communications indicated improvements in knowledge and reduced decisional conflict. However, uncertainty remains about the effect of SDM on supporting women's decisions. Most studies did not evaluate outcomes considered important for this review topic, and those that did measured different concepts. High-quality randomised trials are needed to evaluate SDM in diverse cultural settings with a focus on outcomes such as women's satisfaction with choices aligned to their values.

Mayor uso de teleconsultas programadas y mensajería asincrónica del portal en atención primaria / Increased Use of Scheduled Teleconsultations and Asynchronous Portal Messaging in Primary Care

Introducción: durante la pandemia de COVID-19 hubo un auge sin precedentes de la telemedicina, probablemente por la forzada adopción de tecnología ante las medidas restrictivas. El presente estudio se propuso comparar la interacción y la comunicación entre médicos de cabecera (MC) y pacientes, antes y durante el período de pandemia, en términos de consultas ambulatorias programadas y mensajes del Portal de Salud. Materiales y métodos: corte transversal con muestreo consecutivo de turnos programados y mensajes, ocurridos entre las semanas epidemiológicas (SE) 10 y 23, de 2019 y 2020, respectivamente. Se incluyeron 147 médicos del Servicio de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria, y una cápita de 73 427 pacientes afiliados al Plan de Salud del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Se realizó análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo. Resultados: hubo una reducción del 70% de las consultas presenciales (de 76 375 en 2019 a 23 200 en 2020) y un aumento concomitante de teleconsultas (de 255 en la SE13 a 1089 en la SE23). En simultáneo, los mensajes aumentaron sustancialmente (de 28 601 en 2019 a 84 916 en 2020), con un inicio abrupto al comienzo del confinamiento, y una tendencia decreciente a lo largo del tiempo. Antes de la pandemia, el contenido estuvo relacionado con órdenes electrónicas de estudios complementarios, control de resultados, recetas de medicación crónica y/o interconsultas a especialistas, mientras que los dominios más frecuentes durante la pandemia fueron necesidades informativas epidemiológicas, como medidas preventivas para COVID-19, vacuna antineumocócica, vacuna antigripal, casos o sospechas, resultados de hisopados, entre otras. Conclusión: el auge de las tecnologías de la comunicación e información durante la pandemia permitió dar continuidad a los procesos asistenciales en salud pese al distanciamiento físico. Hubo mayor utilización de mensajería por necesidades informativas de los pacientes, y la relación médico-paciente se ha modificado. (AU)

Introduction: during the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an unprecedented boom in telemedicine, probably due to the forced adoption of technology in the face of restrictive measures. This study aimed to compare the interaction and communication between general practitioners and patients before and during the pandemic based on scheduled outpatient consultations and Health Portal messages. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study with a consecutive sampling of scheduled appointments and messages, occurring between epidemiological weeks (EW) 10 and 23 of 2019 and 2020, respectively. We included 147 physicians from the Family and Community Medicine Service and a capita of 73427 patients affiliated with the Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires health plan. We conducted a quantitative and qualitative analysis. Results: there was a 70% reduction in face-to-face consultations (from 76375 in 2019 to 23200 in 2020) and a concomitant increase in teleconsultations (from 255 in EW13 to 1089 in EW23). Concurrently, messages increased substantially (from 28601 in 2019 to 84916 in 2020), with an abrupt onset at the beginning of confinement and a decreasing trend over time. Before the pandemic, the content involved electronic orders for complementary studies, outcome monitoring, chronic medication prescriptions, or expert consultations. The most frequent domains during the pandemic were epidemiological information needs, such as preventive measures for COVID-19, pneumococcal vaccine, influenza vaccine, cases or suspicions, and swab results, among others. Conclusion: the rise of communication and information technologies during the pandemic allowed the continuity of healthcare processes despite the physical distance. There was increased use of messaging for patients' information needs, and the doctor-patient relationship has changed. (AU)

Exploratory Analysis of HIV Status Knowledge and Associated Factors Using Data from Electronic Medical Records.

Despite recommendations for the routine HIV testing of all sexually active individuals, a significant percentage of HIV-positive adults are unaware of their HIV status. Therefore, a number of strategies have been implemented to expand HIV testing, which in turn makes it necessary to develop tools for identifying patients with unknown HIV status. This study presents the results of an external validation of an electronic phenotyping algorithm for identifying HIV status and its application on a retrospective cohort in order to explore temporal trends of HIV knowledge status and associated factors.

Prevención primaria cardiovascular y toma de decisiones compartida / Cardiovascular primary prevention and shared decision making

En los últimos años las guías de práctica clínica para la prevención de eventos cardiovasculares redujeron el umbral para la indicación de hipolipemiantes (estatinas), aumentando la población susceptible de recibir estos fármacos. A su vez, estas mismas guías promueven que los médicos discutan junto al paciente los riesgos y beneficios del tratamiento farmacológico, a menudo mediante el modelo de toma de decisiones compartida (TDC). Sin embargo, la aplicación de este modelo se enfrenta con algunos desafíos. En el siguiente artículo nos propusimos discutir las dificultades para implementar este modelo en nuestro medio a la hora de realizar la prevención primaria de eventos cardiovasculares, tomando como punto de partida un caso clínico donde ilustramos la aplicación de la TDC, usando la herramienta desarrollada por la Clínica Mayo para asistir este proceso

In recent years, clinical practice guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular events have lowered the threshold for the prescription of lipid-lowering agents (statins), increasing the population that could receive these medications. Likewise, these guidelines also encourage that doctors and patients discuss together the risks and benefits of the drug treatment, often using the shared decision making (SDM) model. However, the application of this model faces some challenges. The aim of this article was to discuss the difficulties in implementing this model in our setting as regards the primary prevention of cardiovascular events. We used a clinical case as a starting point to illustrate the application of SDM using the tool developed by the Mayo Clinic to aid this process

Development and validation of various phenotyping algorithms for Diabetes Mellitus using data from electronic health records.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Recent progression towards precision medicine has encouraged the use of electronic health records (EHRs) as a source for large amounts of data, which is required for studying the effect of treatments or risk factors in more specific subpopulations. Phenotyping algorithms allow to automatically classify patients according to their particular electronic phenotype thus facilitating the setup of retrospective cohorts. Our objective is to compare the performance of different classification strategies (only using standardized problems, rule-based algorithms, statistical learning algorithms (six learners) and stacked generalization (five versions)), for the categorization of patients according to their diabetic status (diabetics, not diabetics and inconclusive; Diabetes of any type) using information extracted from EHRs. METHODS: Patient information was extracted from the EHR at Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. For the derivation and validation datasets, two probabilistic samples of patients from different years (2005: n = 1663; 2015: n = 800) were extracted. The only inclusion criterion was age (≥40 & <80 years). Four researchers manually reviewed all records and classified patients according to their diabetic status (diabetic: diabetes registered as a health problem or fulfilling the ADA criteria; non-diabetic: not fulfilling the ADA criteria and having at least one fasting glycemia below 126 mg/dL; inconclusive: no data regarding their diabetic status or only one abnormal value). The best performing algorithms within each strategy were tested on the validation set. RESULTS: The standardized codes algorithm achieved a Kappa coefficient value of 0.59 (95% CI 0.49, 0.59) in the validation set. The Boolean logic algorithm reached 0.82 (95% CI 0.76, 0.88). A slightly higher value was achieved by the Feedforward Neural Network (0.9, 95% CI 0.85, 0.94). The best performing learner was the stacked generalization meta-learner that reached a Kappa coefficient value of 0.95 (95% CI 0.91, 0.98). CONCLUSIONS: The stacked generalization strategy and the feedforward neural network showed the best classification metrics in the validation set. The implementation of these algorithms enables the exploitation of the data of thousands of patients accurately.

[Medication adherence to secondary prevention for coronary artery disease]. / Adherencia a la prevención secundaria de la enfermedad coronaria.

We compared the use of evidence-based secondary prevention drugs for coronary artery disease at hospital discharge and 3 years of follow-up in a group of patients associated to an integrated network of health services. We conducted a retrospective group study that included 125 patients under 80 years of age who were hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome. McNemar's test was used to compare values at baseline and 3 years. The mean age of of participants was 63.7 years (SD ± 10.08) and 65.6% (95% CI 56.6-73.9) of male sex. The average follow-up time was 2.94 years (SD ± 0.25). The use of secondary prevention drugs for coronary heart disease decreased at 3 years of follow-up: anti-platelet 97.6 to 88.0% (p = 0.012), beta-blockers 94.4 to 84.8% (p = 0.021) and statins 83.7 to 91.2% (p = 0.035). Patients medicated with a combination of anti-platelet, beta blockers and statins showed a decrease from 86.4 to 66.3% (p < 0.0001). It is necessary to study the causes for the decreased adherence to long-term cardio-protective drugs.

Adherencia a la prevención secundaria de la enfermedad coronaria / Medication adherence to secondary prevention for coronary artery disease

Se comparó la adherencia a la prevención secundaria de enfermedad coronaria mediante el uso indicado de fármacos de probada eficacia, al momento del egreso hospitalario y a 3 años de seguimiento, en una cohorte de pacientes afiliados al Plan de Salud del Hospital Italiano. Se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo que incluyo 125 pacientes menores de 80 años de edad, afiliados a una red integrada de salud, con internación por síndrome coronario agudo. En el análisis se utilizó el test de McNemar. La edad media de los participantes fue 63.7 años (DS 10.08) y el 65.6% (IC95% 56.6-73.9) fue de sexo masculino. El 76.8% (IC95% 68.4-83.9) presentó como evento calificante un síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST. El tiempo de seguimiento promedio fue 2.94 años (DS 0.25). Se observó que el uso de drogas de probada eficacia en la prevención secundaria de enfermedad coronaria descendió entre el momento del egreso hospitalario y los 3 años de seguimiento: antiagregantes de 97.6 a 88.0% (p = 0.012); beta-bloqueantes de 94.4 a 84.8% (p = 0.021); estatinas 91.2 a 83.7% (p = 0.035). Uso combinado de antiagregantes, betabloqueantes y estatinas de 86.4 a 66.3% (p < 0.0001). Es necesario estudiar las causas de la disminución de la adherencia a drogas cardioprotectoras a largo plazo.(AU)

We compared the use of evidence-based secondary prevention drugs for coronary artery disease at hospital discharge and 3 years of follow-up in a group of patients associated to an integrated network of health services. We conducted a retrospective group study that included 125 patients under 80 years of age who were hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome. McNemar´s test was used to compare values at baseline and 3 years. The mean age of of participants was 63.7 years (SD ± 10.08) and 65.6% (95% CI 56.6-73.9) of male sex. The average follow-up time was 2.94 years (SD ± 0.25). The use of secondary prevention drugs for coronary heart disease decreased at 3 years of follow-up: anti-platelet 97.6 to 88.0% (p = 0.012), beta-blockers 94.4 to 84.8% (p = 0.021) and statins 83.7 to 91.2% (p = 0.035). Patients medicated with a combination of anti-platelet, beta blockers and statins showed a decrease from 86.4 to 66.3% (p < 0.0001). It is necessary to study the causes for the decreased adherence to long-term cardio-protective drugs.(AU)

Adherencia a la prevención secundaria de la enfermedad coronaria / Medication adherence to secondary prevention for coronary artery disease

Se comparó la adherencia a la prevención secundaria de enfermedad coronaria mediante el uso indicado de fármacos de probada eficacia, al momento del egreso hospitalario y a 3 años de seguimiento, en una cohorte de pacientes afiliados al Plan de Salud del Hospital Italiano. Se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo que incluyo 125 pacientes menores de 80 años de edad, afiliados a una red integrada de salud, con internación por síndrome coronario agudo. En el análisis se utilizó el test de McNemar. La edad media de los participantes fue 63.7 años (DS 10.08) y el 65.6% (IC95% 56.6-73.9) fue de sexo masculino. El 76.8% (IC95% 68.4-83.9) presentó como evento calificante un síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST. El tiempo de seguimiento promedio fue 2.94 años (DS 0.25). Se observó que el uso de drogas de probada eficacia en la prevención secundaria de enfermedad coronaria descendió entre el momento del egreso hospitalario y los 3 años de seguimiento: antiagregantes de 97.6 a 88.0% (p = 0.012); beta-bloqueantes de 94.4 a 84.8% (p = 0.021); estatinas 91.2 a 83.7% (p = 0.035). Uso combinado de antiagregantes, betabloqueantes y estatinas de 86.4 a 66.3% (p < 0.0001). Es necesario estudiar las causas de la disminución de la adherencia a drogas cardioprotectoras a largo plazo.

We compared the use of evidence-based secondary prevention drugs for coronary artery disease at hospital discharge and 3 years of follow-up in a group of patients associated to an integrated network of health services. We conducted a retrospective group study that included 125 patients under 80 years of age who were hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome. McNemar´s test was used to compare values at baseline and 3 years. The mean age of of participants was 63.7 years (SD ± 10.08) and 65.6% (95% CI 56.6-73.9) of male sex. The average follow-up time was 2.94 years (SD ± 0.25). The use of secondary prevention drugs for coronary heart disease decreased at 3 years of follow-up: anti-platelet 97.6 to 88.0% (p = 0.012), beta-blockers 94.4 to 84.8% (p = 0.021) and statins 83.7 to 91.2% (p = 0.035). Patients medicated with a combination of anti-platelet, beta blockers and statins showed a decrease from 86.4 to 66.3% (p < 0.0001). It is necessary to study the causes for the decreased adherence to long-term cardio-protective drugs.

Adherencia a la prevención secundaria de la enfermedad coronaria. / [Medication adherence to secondary prevention for coronary artery disease].

We compared the use of evidence-based secondary prevention drugs for coronary artery disease at hospital discharge and 3 years of follow-up in a group of patients associated to an integrated network of health services. We conducted a retrospective group study that included 125 patients under 80 years of age who were hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome. McNemars test was used to compare values at baseline and 3 years. The mean age of of participants was 63.7 years (SD ± 10.08) and 65.6

(95

CI 56.6-73.9) of male sex. The average follow-up time was 2.94 years (SD ± 0.25). The use of secondary prevention drugs for coronary heart disease decreased at 3 years of follow-up: anti-platelet 97.6 to 88.0

(p = 0.012), beta-blockers 94.4 to 84.8

(p = 0.021) and statins 83.7 to 91.2

(p = 0.035). Patients medicated with a combination of anti-platelet, beta blockers and statins showed a decrease from 86.4 to 66.3

(p < 0.0001). It is necessary to study the causes for the decreased adherence to long-term cardio-protective drugs.

La intervención con programas específicos disminuye la utilización de recursos médicos en pacientes policonsultadores / The intervention with specific programs decrease health care utilization in high utilizer patients

Introducción: entre el 10 y el 25 por ciento de los pacientes de un servicio de salud consumen alrededor del 60 por ciento de sus recursos. Algunas estrategias como la incorporación de un médico de cabecera han logrado disminuir su utilización. Ojetivos: evaluar el efecto de un grupo interdisciplinario de salud en la utilización de recursos por pacientes policonsultadores. Diseño: ensayo clínico controlado aleatorizado simple de 6 meses de duración (febrero-julio 1999). Pacientes y métodos: de 65200 pacientes residentes en Capital Federal afiliados al sistema de salud prepago (SP), se seleccionaron los 800 pacientes con mayor número de consultas antre agosto y diciembre de 1998. Fueron aleatorizados en: 400 grupo intervención (GI) (recibieron la intervención), y 400: grupo control (GC). Intervención: contacto por el médico de cabecera (M de C) y una secretaria. Línea telefónica sin cargo para turnos y autorizaciones, visita en domicilio de una enfermera con control telefónico posterior y consultas a una asistente social. Resultados medidos: internaciones, consultas médicas, consumo de fármacos y prácticas. Resultados: los pacientes del GI tuvieron significativamente menor número de internaciones (26 vs. 55; RR: 0,47 IC 95 por ciento: 0,30-0,74) y duración de las mismas (146 vs. 280 días; P<0,05) que el GC y menor número de prácticas [media/ prácticas/ paciente/ mes (DS): GI: 0,43 (0,54); GC: 0,54 (070) p<0,05]. No hubo diferencias significativas en el número de consultas y consumo de fármacos. Conclusiones: un grupo multidisciplinario de salud, en apoyo a los médicos de cabecera, fue de utilidad para disminuir el número y duración de las internaciones y el número de prácticas en un grupo de pacientes policonsultadores en un sistema de salud prepago

La intervención con programas específicos disminuye la utilización de recursos médicos en pacientes policonsultadores / The intervention with specific programs decrease health care utilization in high utilizer patients

Introducción: entre el 10 y el 25 por ciento de los pacientes de un servicio de salud consumen alrededor del 60 por ciento de sus recursos. Algunas estrategias como la incorporación de un médico de cabecera han logrado disminuir su utilización. Ojetivos: evaluar el efecto de un grupo interdisciplinario de salud en la utilización de recursos por pacientes policonsultadores. Diseño: ensayo clínico controlado aleatorizado simple de 6 meses de duración (febrero-julio 1999). Pacientes y métodos: de 65200 pacientes residentes en Capital Federal afiliados al sistema de salud prepago (SP), se seleccionaron los 800 pacientes con mayor número de consultas antre agosto y diciembre de 1998. Fueron aleatorizados en: 400 grupo intervención (GI) (recibieron la intervención), y 400: grupo control (GC). Intervención: contacto por el médico de cabecera (M de C) y una secretaria. Línea telefónica sin cargo para turnos y autorizaciones, visita en domicilio de una enfermera con control telefónico posterior y consultas a una asistente social. Resultados medidos: internaciones, consultas médicas, consumo de fármacos y prácticas. Resultados: los pacientes del GI tuvieron significativamente menor número de internaciones (26 vs. 55; RR: 0,47 IC 95 por ciento: 0,30-0,74) y duración de las mismas (146 vs. 280 días; P<0,05) que el GC y menor número de prácticas [media/ prácticas/ paciente/ mes (DS): GI: 0,43 (0,54); GC: 0,54 (070) p<0,05]. No hubo diferencias significativas en el número de consultas y consumo de fármacos. Conclusiones: un grupo multidisciplinario de salud, en apoyo a los médicos de cabecera, fue de utilidad para disminuir el número y duración de las internaciones y el número de prácticas en un grupo de pacientes policonsultadores en un sistema de salud prepago