ABSTRACT
In recent years, several organizations have evaluated the health effects of 1,3-butadiene. Dissimilar conclusions about the carcinogenicity of 1,3-butadiene have been reached, due to differences in interpretation of the same data. Although 1,3-butadiene has been extensively studied, various uncertainties and data gaps remain which will require further clarification to reduce the uncertainties in future health assessments. This paper discusses future research needs respective of cancer and non-cancer effects that would be useful for future assessments as to how 1,3-butadiene affects health.
Subject(s)
Butadienes/toxicity , Air Pollutants/toxicity , Air Pollutants, Occupational/toxicity , Environmental Health , Female , Humans , Male , Occupational Diseases/chemically induced , Occupational Exposure , Research Design , Risk Assessment , United States , United States Environmental Protection AgencyABSTRACT
In the last decade there has been in-depth research into understanding the health effects of 1,3-butadiene in humans and in animals. With increasing knowledge of metabolism, pharmacokinetics and mechanism of action studied in animals, the uncertainties in risk assessment will be lessened. Still, some data gaps exist which, if filled, will be useful for meaningful risk assessments for the general population. This paper discusses the future needs for research in both non-cancer and cancer effects.
Subject(s)
Butadienes/toxicity , Carcinogens/toxicity , Mutagens/toxicity , Risk Assessment , Butadienes/pharmacokinetics , DNA Adducts/metabolism , Environmental Monitoring , HumansABSTRACT
The modern treatment of breast cancer has evolved over the past 100 years based on clinical observations. Therapeutic principles, from the choice of surgical procedure to the management of disseminated disease, have also changed. The axillary tumour burden, that is, the number of histologically positive nodes (N+) plays an important role as a prognostic factor. However, in histologically Negative nodes (N-), it is necessary to discriminate individuals at high risk despite negative nodes. This presentation analyses retrospectively the prognostic factors for long-term failures in N- patients. These prognostic factors need to be studied in detail, and controlled clinical trials should be carried out to detect high risk N- patients and consider them for adjuvant chemotherapy.
