ABSTRACT
Roughness and defects induced on few-layer graphene (FLG) irradiated by Ar+ ions at different energies were investigated using X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy techniques. The results provide direct experimental evidence of ripple formation, sp2 to sp3 hybridized carbon transformation, electronic damage, Ar+ implantation, unusual defects and edge reconstructions in FLG, which depend on the irradiation energy. In addition, shadowing effects similar to those found in oblique-angle growth of thin films were seen. Reliable quantification of the transition from the sp2-bonding to sp3-hybridized state as a result of Ar+ ion irradiation is achieved from the deconvolution of the XPS C (1s) peak. Although the ion irradiation effect is demonstrated through the shape of the derivative of the Auger transition C KVV spectra, we show that the D parameter values obtained from these spectra which are normally used in the literature fail to account for the sp2 to sp3 hybridization transition. In contrast to what is known, it is revealed that using ion irradiation at large FLG sample tilt angles can lead to edge reconstructions. Furthermore, FLG irradiation by low energy of 0.25 keV can be a plausible way of peeling graphene layers without the need of Joule heating reported previously.
Subject(s)
Clinical Competence/standards , Nurse's Role , Palliative Care/organization & administration , Communication , Cooperative Behavior , Empathy , Goals , Humans , Models, Nursing , Models, Organizational , Nurse-Patient Relations , Patient Care Team/organization & administration , Quality of Life , Social SupportABSTRACT
In this study we have identified the temperament and psychopathology among children between the age of 5 to 14 years. Out of the forty children selected for same thirty four of them belonged to parents who have less than primary education and earning less than Rs.1,000/- per month. Temperament and psychopathology is markedly high among the children belonging to these groups.
Subject(s)
Mental Disorders/etiology , Mental Health , Poverty , Psychology, Child , Temperament , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Demography , Humans , Nuclear Family , Socioeconomic Factors , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
Two antibiotics of frenolicin group, antibiotic AM-3867 I and II were isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces roseofulvus strain No. AM-3867, a soil isolate. The former was a new antibiotic designated as frenolicin B and its structure containing gamma-lactone was determined, while the latter was identified as deoxyfrenolicin having been chemically prepared from frenolicin.
