ABSTRACT
HIV-infected patients are at increased risk for acquiring hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. We evaluated the seroconversion rate (anti-HAV antibodies ≥ 20 mIU/ml) and the geometric mean antibody titres (GMTs) in a group of 351 HIV infected men, who had received two doses of a hepatitis A vaccine. We analysed blood samples collected at one, six, 12 and 18 months following the administration of the second dose of the vaccine. The seroconversion rate one month after the second dose of the vaccine was 74.4% (260/351). At month 18 after the end of vaccination, 56.1% of the subjects remained seropositive. GMTs were 315, 203, 153 and 126 mIU/ml at months 1, 6, 12, and 18, respectively. Logistic regression revealed that the CD4 count is the only factor affecting response to vaccination (P = 0.019). A higher response rate and higher GMTs were observed in patients with CD4 counts ≥ 500 cells/mm(3) (76.6%) than in patients with CD4 counts 200-499 cells/mm(3). In conclusion, even in patients with near-normal CD4 counts, the response to the hepatitis A vaccine is impaired.
Subject(s)
HIV Infections/immunology , Hepatitis A Vaccines/administration & dosage , Hepatitis A Vaccines/immunology , Hepatitis A/prevention & control , Adult , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , Greece/epidemiology , HIV/genetics , HIV/immunology , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/virology , Hepatitis A/virology , Hepatitis A Antibodies/blood , Homosexuality, Male , Humans , Logistic Models , Male , Middle Aged , Statistics, Nonparametric , Viral LoadABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term effects of different boosted protease inhibitors (bPIs) or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)-based antiretroviral regimens on lipid levels in HIV seropositive individuals who have not received lipid-lowering agents. METHODS: Data consisted of 595 patients participating in the population-based Athens Multicenter Cohort Study who were consistently followed up during 1996-2008. RESULTS: In naïve patients, lipid parameters increased sharply during the first 3 months of antiretroviral therapy and reached a plateau level approximately 6-9 months after therapy initiation. The plateau levels remained almost stable for up to 3.5 years. In general, bPIs exerted a more pronounced effect compared to NNRTIs. CONCLUSIONS: The administration of PI- or NNRTI-based regimens especially in naïve but also in unboosted PI experienced patients provoked a sharp increase in lipid levels that remained stable in higher levels for more than 3 years.
Subject(s)
Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , HIV Infections/blood , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Protease Inhibitors/therapeutic use , HIV/drug effects , Lipids/analysis , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Adolescent , Adult , Cohort Studies , Female , Greece/epidemiology , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Policies and measures for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (HIV-1) transmission require adequate information about the risk profile of AIDS which is time-, place- and population-dependent. We have studied the risk factors for AIDS among men in Greece, a country with relatively low incidence of AIDS. METHODS: A case-control study of all male patients with incident disease, who have been diagnosed in the major university-affiliated, AIDS Unit from February 1995 through August 1997 was conducted in Athens, Greece, a country with relatively low incidence of AIDS. Eighty-three AIDS patients were enrolled and an equal number of orthopaedic patients as controls. All interviews were conducted by the same physician and took place in the hospital. RESULTS: There were no differences among heterosexual men with AIDS, homo- or bi-sexual men with AIDS, and controls with respect to any socio-economic variable. The odds ratio for AIDS among homo- or bi-sexual men, in comparison with heterosexual men, was 51.5 (95% confidence intervals 21.6-122.7). Blood transfusion, intravenous drug abuse and haemophilia were less important risk factors for AIDS in this study. Condom use was generally very low and there was a tendency for lesser use among men at highest risk for HIV transmission, that is, those with a preference for receptive anal intercourse. CONCLUSIONS: AIDS among men in Greece is mainly driven by homosexual behaviour, but the relatively high proportion of bisexual men and the relatively low frequency of condom use are warning signs for the potential of the epidemic to expand in the future. The relatively low incidence of AIDS in Greece, in comparison with other European populations, may be due to a phase difference in the epidemic, but it could also be due to the traditional role separation of homosexuals in this geographical area, and the easy accessibility of disposable syringes and needles in Greece.
Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/transmission , Bisexuality/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Bisexuality/psychology , Case-Control Studies , Condoms , Forecasting , Greece/epidemiology , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Hemophilia A/therapy , Homosexuality, Male/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Incidence , Male , Population Surveillance , Risk Factors , Sex Distribution , Sexual Behavior/statistics & numerical data , Substance Abuse, Intravenous/complications , Surveys and Questionnaires , Transfusion Reaction , Urban Health/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
In the fifty-year period, from 1925 to 1974, 6596 autopsies were performed at three departments of Pathology in Athens. The incidence of gallstones was 5.97% in the total material. The incidence in females was 8.86% and in males 4.52%, with a ratio 2:1. An increase of the incidence has been noticed since 1925. Under the presented data Greece could be included among the countries with an intermediate frequency of gallstones, but with a tendency to follow the Western countries pattern. The significance of the Greek standard of living and the dietary surveys on the gallstone formation, are briefly discussed.
