Video directly observed therapy to improve adherence of human immunodeficiency virus infected adolescents to combination antiretroviral therapy: a proof-of-concept study.

Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a major challenge for many youth living with HIV (YLWH). In this prospective proof-of-concept study, we assessed the feasibility and acceptability of conducting a study of video directly observed therapy (VDOT) as a method of improving medication adherence in YLWH who had a history of poor adherence to ART. The study had four phases; phase I - VDOT daily (4 months) using Facetime®; phase II - daily texting (2 months); phase III - weekly texting (3 months); phase IV - no intervention (3 months). Participants were seen in clinic on a monthly basis for assessment and laboratory evaluation. Five of eight eligible participants were enrolled. All achieved virologic suppression one month after enrollment. Three of five completed the study protocol and maintained virologic suppression through the 12-month period of study. Participant responses to the end-of-study questionnaire indicated satisfaction with the intervention and thought VDOT was helpful to them. Healthcare providers thought that the intervention was effective for some youth but was at times burdensome. This proof-of-concept study demonstrated that VDOT may be effective at improving medication adherence in previously poorly adherent YLWH and that larger studies of VDOT for such patients are both feasible and warranted.

Epidemiology, clinical features, and outcomes of coronavirus disease among children in Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia: A retrospective study.

Background and Objective: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is milder with favorable outcomes in children than in adults. However, detailed data regarding COVID-19 in children from Saudi Arabia are scarce. This study aimed to describe COVID-19 among children in Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This retrospective observational study included children <14 years old hospitalized with COVID-19 between May 1, 2020 and July 31, 2020. Clinical data, COVID-19 disease severity, and outcomes were collected. The total number of presenting symptoms and signs were computed by counting those recorded upon presentation. The Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test was used to compare the number of symptoms and signs across all levels of COVID-19 severity. Result: Overall, 106 patients met the inclusion criteria; their ages ranged from 2 weeks to 13 years. Most patients were ≤12 months of age (43.4%). Bronchial asthma was the most common comorbidity (9.4%). Among 99 symptomatic patients, fever was the most common symptom (84.8%); seven patients (7%) were diagnosed with febrile seizure. Most COVID-19 cases were mild (84%); one patient (0.94%) was in critical condition and one patient (0.94%) met the Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in children criteria. The mean number of symptoms and signs in children with severe or critical COVID-19 was significantly higher than that in children with mild cases or non-severe pneumonia (P < .001). One patient died owing to COVID-19 (0.94%). Conclusions: COVID-19 mortality in children is rare; however, while most children exhibit mild disease with favorable outcomes, children with chronic lung disease may be at higher risk for severe disease.

Early neonatal sepsis and meningitis caused by Elizabethkingia meningoseptica in Saudi Arabia.

Elizabethkingia meningoseptica (E. meningoseptica ) are Gram-negative bacteria commonly associated with nosocomial infections in neonates. This is a case study of E. meningoseptica, presented as meningitis and sepsis in a term baby. The female infant was born by vaginal delivery at 37 weeks gestational age. The case was peculiar because the baby was neither premature nor immuno-compromised, which are known risk factors for E. meningoseptica infection. The onset began on the second day of the neonate's life. On day 3, peripheral blood culture and cerebrospinal fluid findings isolated a gram-negative bacteria identified as E. meningoseptica. The first-line antibiotics therapy was changed to ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, and rifampicin, based on the laboratory determination of antimicrobial sensitivity. The patient's clinical condition improved, although post hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation was revealed by imaging studies. Clinicians should possess proper awareness of the antibiotic sensitivity of E. meningoseptica, as it is important in preventing high rates of morbidity and mortality.

Optimizing Blood Collection and Processing for Quantiferon-TB Gold in-Tube Testing Gives Low Rates of Indeterminate Results: Clinical Implications.

The rate of low-mitogen indeterminate interferon-gamma release assay results at a hospital with expert pediatric phlebotomy and rapid incubation of specimens was 0.96%. All low-mitogen indeterminate results were found to be associated with an immunocompromised or anergic state. We describe a child where an unexpected indeterminate interferon-gamma release assay test pointed to an underlying anergic condition and was of diagnostic significance.

Childhood exposures to discarded needles and other objects potentially contaminated with blood-borne pathogens in Toronto, Canada.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to discarded needles or other objects put children at risk for infection with blood-borne pathogens (BBP), including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to retrospectively analyze the epidemiology, management and outcome of children following such exposures in the greater Toronto community setting. METHODS: A retrospective study of children <19 years of age who had community-based exposure to objects that could contain BBP between January 2001 and December 2014. Sexual and hospital inpatient exposures were excluded. Patients were identified by medical record review of all children who had HIV testing performed. RESULTS: Sixty-six community-based exposures to objects potentially contaminated with BBP were identified (71.2% needlesticks). The median age was 6.3 years (interquartile range 3.8, 7.8). Exposures occurred outdoors in the community (45.5%), in schools (30.3%), homes (15.2%) and community/outpatient clinics (9.0%). Of 11 (16.7%) identified source subjects, 7 were known to be HIV infected. HIV post-exposure prophylaxis was prescribed to 22 (33.3%) children; 15 (71.4%) completed the course. Only 41.2% of previously unvaccinated children were documented to have completed a full HBV vaccine series post-exposure. No blood-borne infections were documented, but only 60.6% had documentation of adequate follow-up testing. CONCLUSIONS: Enhanced public health interventions in schools and other community settings are needed to reduce childhood risk of exposure to needlesticks or other objects potentially contaminated with BBP.

Utility of gastric aspirates for diagnosing tuberculosis in children in a low prevalence area: predictors of positive cultures and significance of non-tuberculous mycobacteria.

BACKGROUND: In countries with low rates of tuberculosis (TB), yields of gastric aspirates (GAs) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) culture are low. The significance of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) isolated from GA is uncertain. METHODS: We reviewed clinical, microbiologic and radiologic data for children who underwent GA between 1999 and 2011 at Sick Kids, Toronto. Radiologic features of cases were compared with those of age matched controls. RESULTS: 785 GAs were obtained from 285 patients of whom 20 (7%) had positive MTB cultures: in 15 patients the GA was the only positive culture for MTB. Of 15 culture-positive patients who underwent exactly 3 GAs, MTB was isolated from the first lavage in 10 (67%), only from the second in 3 (20%) and only from the third in 2 (13%). On univariate analysis, miliary disease and intrathoracic lymphadenopathy were associated with a positive GA MTB culture. On multiple conditional logistic regression analysis, adenopathy remained significant (OR 10.2 [95% CI 2.0-51.4] p =0.005). Twelve patients had NTM isolated, most commonly M. avium complex: none had evidence of invasive NTM disease during a median duration of 12 months of follow-up. Causal pathogens different from the GA NTM culture were isolated from biopsies or bronchoalveolar lavage in 3. CONCLUSIONS: GAs continue to be important for TB diagnosis in children. Three GAs have a yield better than 1. Those with miliary or disseminated TB and intrathoracic lymphadenopathy have highest yields. NTM isolates from GA are likely unimportant and can be clinically misleading.

Human immunodeficiency virus infection in Saudi Arabian children: transmission, clinical manifestations and outcome.

BACKGROUND: Vertical transmission from mother to infant is the most common mode of transmission of HIV infection in children. Data on pediatric HIV in the Middle East and Gulf region are scarce. We describe the spectrum, characteristics and outcome of HIV infection in Saudi children. METHODS: We collected descriptive data on HIV-infected or exposed children seen at the King Faisal Hospital and Research Centre (KFSH&RC) between 1986 and 2003. RESULTS: Sixty-three children had proven HIV infection. The source of infection was perinatal transmission in 63.5% of cases and contaminated blood or blood products transfusion in 34.5%. Median age at diagnosis was 6 years. In 42 patients for whom complete records were available, 90% were delivered by spontaneous vaginal delivery and 10% by cesarean delivery. Ninety-three percent of infected infants were breastfed throughout infancy. The complete medical records were available for 66% of children; for the remainder, part of the records could not be retrieved. Thirteen percent had an AIDS-defining opportunistic infection, with disseminated cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection being the most common (37.5%). All cases received antiretroviral therapy starting in 1997. Of those who received highly active antiretroviral therapy, 79% were compliant with treatment and had a sustained virologic response below the detectable level. Seventy-five percent of those diagnosed before 1995 died compared with 7.7% diagnosed later. CONCLUSION: Effective preventive measures, such as antiretroviral prophylaxis, cesarean delivery, and abstention from breastfeeding are not being applied. This could be largely due to lack of knowledge among patients and healthcare providers. Physicians must recognize the signs and symptoms of HIV infection, and have a high index of suspicion so that infected children are diagnosed early and referred to a specialized center for treatment and follow-up.

Severe CD8 deficiency in a child with miliary tuberculosis.

This report described a 6-month-old boy who presented with miliary tuberculosis and severe CD8 deficiency, which is most likely secondary to miliary tuberculosis since his CD8 was back to normal 6 month after therapy and primary CD8 deficiency, (ZAP 70 defect) was ruled out. To our knowledge this is the first paediatric case reported with severe CD8 deficiency secondary to miliary TB.

Successful treatment of a child with posttraumatic necrotizing fasciitis caused by Apophysomyces elegans: case report and review of literature.

Apophysomyces elegans is an uncommon human pathogen that causes deeply invasive infections in immunocompromised patients and cutaneous infection in immunocompetent patients. We report the development of severe deep soft tissue zygomycosis caused by A. elegans in an otherwise healthy child after trauma. She was successfully treated with surgical debridements and antifungal therapy with liposomal amphotericin B. A review of the literature indicates that zygomycosis caused by A. elegans is associated with traumatic inoculation.