A phylogenetic analysis of Diurideae (Orchidaceae) based on plastid DNA sequence data.

DNA sequence data from plastid matK and trnL-F regions were used in phylogenetic analyses of Diurideae, which indicate that Diurideae are not monophyletic as currently delimited. However, if Chloraeinae and Pterostylidinae are excluded from Diurideae, the remaining subtribes form a well-supported, monophyletic group that is sister to a "spiranthid" clade. Chloraea, Gavilea, and Megastylis pro parte (Chloraeinae) are all placed among the spiranthid orchids and form a grade with Pterostylis leading to a monophyletic Cranichideae. Codonorchis, previously included among Chloraeinae, is sister to Orchideae. Within the more narrowly delimited Diurideae two major lineages are apparent. One includes Diuridinae, Cryptostylidinae, Thelymitrinae, and an expanded Drakaeinae; the other includes Caladeniinae s.s., Prasophyllinae, and Acianthinae. The achlorophyllous subtribe Rhizanthellinae is a member of Diurideae, but its placement is otherwise uncertain. The sequence-based trees indicate that some morphological characters used in previous classifications, such as subterranean storage organs, anther position, growth habit, fungal symbionts, and pollination syndromes have more complex evolutionary histories than previously hypothesized. Treatments based upon these characters have produced conflicting classifications, and molecular data offer a tool for reevaluating these phylogenetic hypotheses.

Molecular phylogenetics of Diseae (Orchidaceae): a contribution from nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences.

We present here the first molecular phylogeny of tribe Diseae (Orchidoideae: Orchidaceae). Nuclear ribosomal ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, and ITS2 sequences were compared for 30 Diseae, 20 Orchideae, and four Cranichideae and Diurideae outgroups. ITS - rDNA sequences exhibited a transition:transversion ratio of 1.3 and extensive ITS length polymorphism. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony identified seven major core orchidoid groups. The branching order of the five Diseae and two Orchideae clades was weakly supported but indicated paraphyly of Diseae, with Disperis sister to the rest, followed by successive divergence of Brownleea, Disinae, Coryciinae sensu stricto (s.s.), Satyriinae, and terminated by Orchidinae plus Habenariinae. Within the monophyletic Disinae, Herschelia and Monadenia were nested within a paraphyletic Disa and clustered with D. sect. Micranthae. Within monophyletic Satyriinae, Satyridium rostratum plus Satyrium bicallosum was sister to the rest of Satyrium, and then Satyrium nepalense plus S. odorum was distinct from a cluster of six species. Coryciinae are paraphyletic because Disperis is sister to all other core orchidoids. Coryciinae s.s. are sister to Satyriinae plus Orchideae, with Pterygodium nested within Corycium. Maximum likelihood analysis supported possible affinities among Disinae, Brownleeinae, and Coryciinae but did not support monophyly of Diseae or an affinity between Disinae and Satyriinae. Morphological characters are fully congruent with the well-supported groups identified in the ITS phylogeny.

A phylogenetic analysis of the Orchidaceae: evidence from rbcL nucleotide.

Cladistic parsimony analyses of rbcL nucleotide sequence data from 171 taxa representing nearly all tribes and subtribes of Orchidaceae are presented here. These analyses divide the family into five primary monophyletic clades: apostasioid, cypripedioid, vanilloid, orchidoid, and epidendroid orchids, arranged in that order. These clades, with the exception of the vanilloids, essentially correspond to currently recognized subfamilies. A distinct subfamily, based upon tribe Vanilleae, is supported for Vanilla and its allies. The general tree topology is, for the most part, congruent with previously published hypotheses of intrafamilial relationships; however, there is no evidence supporting the previously recognized subfamilies Spiranthoideae, Neottioideae, or Vandoideae. Subfamily Spiranthoideae is embedded within a single clade containing members of Orchidoideae and sister to tribe Diurideae. Genera representing tribe Tropideae are placed within the epidendroid clade. Most traditional subtribal units are supported within each clade, but few tribes, as currently circumscribed, are monophyletic. Although powerful in assessing monophyly of clades within the family, in this case rbcL fails to provide strong support for the interrelationships of the subfamilies (i.e., along the spine of the tree). The cladograms presented here should serve as a standard to which future morphological and molecular studies can be compared.

Phylogenetic relationships within Korthalsella (Viscaceae) based on nuclear ITS and plastid trnL-F sequence.

The nuclear encoded internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the plastid encoded trnL-F region were sequenced for 25 populations of Korthalsella, a genus of reduced, monoecious, Old World misletoes. The molecular study confirms the hypothesis that branch shape and cladotaxy (the arrangement of branches with respect to their parent axis) are unreliable indicators of relationship in the genus and demonstrates that many of the taxa previously recognized are not monophyletic. Both gene regions identify three major subgroups within the genus and find lower level relationships within these subgroups highly correlated with geographic distance. An analysis based upon 18S and rbcL sequences identifies Ginalloa as the sister group to Korthalsella, which together with the branching order within the genus, indicates that Korthalsella originated in Papuasia and aids in elucidating evolution of the peculiar inflorescence structure. There are problems associated with species delimitation when evolutionary units are more restricted than morphological lineages, and justification is offered for recognizing only morphologically diagnosable monophyletic lineages as species. Varying substitution rates and differing modes of inheritance in ITS and trnL-F result in complementary utility of the two regions for elucidating infrageneric relationships in Korthalsella.

Behavioral management of a neurologically impaired pediatric inpatient.

Neurologically-impaired pediatric inpatients often require behavioral management to facilitate attendance and performance in physical, occupational, and speech therapies. Nursing management of such patients can be simplified by the use of behavioral analysis techniques. This paper reports a case in which the patient's own behaviors along with verbal reinforcement were used to reinforce appropriate behavior patterns in a child who presented several management problems. There was improvement during behavioral sessions with generalization of desired behavior to the nursing floor and to therapy sessions. Analysis of desired or target behaviors and the levels of consciousness schema facilitated behavioral programming. This case study demonstrates how careful attention to behavioral details can improve the behavioral repertoire of a patient who would otherwise be very disruptive and not a good rehabilitation candidate. A behavioral analysis system using the Premack principle and levels of consciousness schema can be applied more generally to the behavioral management of neurologically impaired inpatients.