Specific Combinations of Erythrocyte Group Antigens in Blood Donors.

Blood groups are inherited biological characteristics that do not change throughout life only in healthy people. Blood group antigens determine the adaptation of a human, as a biological species, to the surrounding environment. Our goal was to study the combination and frequency characteristics of three group systems (ABO, RH, KELL) in blood donors. The blood of 743 donors (aged ≥ 18 years) has been investigated on erythrocyte blood group antigens (521 male and 222 female). The sample has been provided from diagnostic laboratory of "Health Centre Medina Ltd" of Batumi. Research was agreed with hematology department of the clinic. Blood typing of the sample has been carried out on the basis of immunogenetic laboratory of Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University. The express method with universal mono-clone antibodies was used in order to reveal blood group system antigens. ABO blood group are distributed the following order: O > A > B > AB. We allocated 16 phenotypic groups. O, Rh+, K- (38.62 ± 1.7%) are represented with the highest percentage among donors and a rather large number of the investigated donors (287 donors) is the carrier of this phenotype. A frequency distribution of the A, Rh+, K- phenotype group 10% (28.93 ± 1.6) was less. 215 donors carry A, Rh+, K- phenotype combination. O, Rh+, K+ and A, Rh+, K+ variations of the phenotype are represented with an equal percentage (3.23 ± 0.4%). 7.94 ± 0.9% donors are characterized by features of the O, Rh-, K- Erythrocyte group. A frequency distribution of B, Rh+, K- phenotype is slightly less - 6.86 ± 0.9%. A, Rh-, K combination of phenotype occurs with a frequency of 4.97 ± 0.7%, and AB, Rh+, K- occurs with a frequency of 2.28 ± 0.5%. I n the donor population there were only single cases of B, Rh-, K+ (0.13 ± 0.01); AB, Rh+, K+ (0.13 ± 0.01); AB, Rh-, K- (0.40 ± 0.2); B, Rh+, K+ (0.26 ± 0.1); O, Rh-, K+ (0.40 ± 0.2); A, Rh-, K+ (0.67 ± 0.2) combination of phenotype. The phenotype AB, Rh-, K+ was not identified. The existence of this database will increase the safety level of transfusion, widen donors database and allow the clinics to find quickly the rare combination of blood group for transfusion and decrease of the risk of post-transfusion complications.

SMOKING INCLINED GROUPS ACCORDING TO THE PHENOTYPE OF THE PTC GENE.

The ability to sense phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) bitterness represents a well-known and convenient genetic marker for human populations and biomedical studies. Two basic phenotypes can be dichotomized by PTC sensitivity: PTC-sensitive or "tester" and PTC-insensitive or "non-tester". The majority of the population (approximately 70%) belong to the PTC-sensitive phenotype, while the remaining 30% are PTC-insensitive. The distribution of PTC sensitivities varies by consumption of alcohol, bitter coffee and cigarettes. This study was conducted among randomly selected 90 cigarette smokers living in the Ajara Region of Georgia. Our results indicate that PTC-insensitive phenotypes are correlated with cigarette consumption and should be considered as an important genetic proxy for cigarette use. This marker may prove very useful for identifying adolescents who might benefit from a focused smoking prevention intervention.

The association of some genetic factors with pulmonary tuberculosis in Georgian and Azeri ethno groups.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) is still one of the major public health problems. Over the last half decade the significant problem is an increased ratio of drug-resistant TB cases. TB is as well the most significant infectious disease in the country of Georgia. Pulmonary tuberculosis is assessed as a complex infectious disease affected by both, environmental and genetic factors. Present study was undertaken to find out the correlation between pulmonary tuberculosis and erythrocyte blood groups antigens determinant alleles (ABO - r, p, q; Rh D+, Rh D- and MN - p, q) in two different, Georgian and Azeri, ethno groups. Immune-serological methods, direct reaction of universal monoclonal antibodies were used. Materials processed by biostatistician methods. The study had shown different correlation of pulmonary tuberculosis to erythrocyte blood groups determinant alleles in Georgian and Azeri ethno groups. In Georgian ethno group pulmonary TB correlates with ABO-r and p, Rh-D,+' and MN-p alleles, whether ABO-q, Rh-D,-' and MN-p in Azeri ethno group.

Study of some biogerontological factors associated with women longevity in Ajara population.

120 long-living women have been studied in Ajara with the purpose of revealing biogerontological factors associated with longevity. On the basis of special gerontological questionnaire survey and the genealogical research it has been revealed that the absolute majority of the long-livers was in happy and long marriage, most of them had stable partners and were in happy and long marriage. There are early as well as late marriages among the long-livers. However, the women who married at the age of reproductive puberty (from 18 to 30 years of age) considerably prevail among them. It seems that having many children is not directly associated with longevity. The correlation between late childbirth (over 40 years of age) and longevity was also shown. At the same time, the women having had their last delivery over 40 are distinguished by stronger health and high rate of longevity.

Composition of erythrocytic (ABO, Rh-Hr, Kell, MN) group antigens characteristic of the Ozurgeti district's population.

Erythrocytic group antigens represent a genetically stably determined trait. Investigation of antigens of the said system in different regions is of the greatest importance in terms of both the creation of demographic data of the region as well as practical medicine, especially for transplantology and transfusiology. The peripheral or venous blood of 232 local natives (healthy donors) of Ozurgeti district of Guria region has been taken as the test subject. The test subject was taken by random methods in different vilifies (Bakhvi, Mshvidobauri, Ozurgeti, Likhauri, Gurianta, Bokhvauri, Dvadzu, Pampaleti) To identify the ABO, Rh-Hr, Kell, MN system antigens, an express-method using monoclonal antibodies has been applied. In studying the ABO system, it was fixed that the highest distribution frequency was characteristic of the 0(I) group (52.3±3.2%), then follows the group A(II) (38.5±3.2%). The distribution frequency of the B(III) group is (8.2±1.8%) and that of AB(IV)--(0.8±0.5). The population's 85.2±2.32% is the carrier of the Rh+ phenotypic group, while 14.7±2.3% belongs to the Rh-phenotypic group. In studying the concentration of alleles, the low concentration of p(K) allele was detected that equaled 0.2; the concentration of q(K) allele made 0.8, that of p(M)--0.65, and that of q (N) - 035.

Biogerontologic study of population in some districts of Ajara Autonomous Republic.

The study of genetic markers of aging is of current importance in gerontology. Data of long-liver residents of Ajara Autonomous Republic have been investigated with the aim of establishing genetic markers associated with longevity. 10 blood antigens - A, B, C, c, D, E, e, K, M, N of ABO, Rh-Hr, K, MN blood group systems have been investigated. The investigation made it possible to single out group erythrocyte pheno- and genotypic variants being in correlative relation with longevity. In particular O(I), A(II), K+, M+ belong to such phenotypic groups. Distribution of blood groups among different age groups was analysed. Rh antigens C, D, E were found to be associated with longevity.

Effect of multiple generalized seizures on the wakefulness-sleep cycle.

This paper gives the results on the studies of the effect of multiple generalized seizures (MGSs) on the wakefulness-sleep cycle (WSC). The adult Wister rats served as the experimental objects. The animals, under chloral hydrate anesthesia (35-40mg/kg) were stereotaxically implanted with stainless metal electrodes aimed into the neocortex and dorsal hippocampus. Typical EEG and behavioral GSs evoked in response to electrical stimulation of the dorsal hippocampus by the EEG recording of WSC the ration of different phases, latency of sleep and first PS onset were evaluated It have been shown that MGSs produce potent effect on the structure in WSC. In particular MGSs in postconvulsive WSC evoke sharp decrease in the latency of the sleep. Moreover, in ratio of WSC occurs prolongation of sleep and shortening of wakefulness.

[Effect of induced abortion on the functional state of the steroid-producing endocrine glands and the sympathetic adrenal system]. / Vliianie iskusstvennogo preryvaniia beremennosti na funktsional'noe sostoianie steroidprodutsiruiushchikh éndokrinnykh zhelez i na simpatiko-adrenalovuiu sistemy.

PIP: Endocrine changes following induced abortion were studied in 86 women. The group included 34 women at 5-6 weeks of gestation and 52 at 8 weeks of gestation; 66% were in a 20-30 years old age group. All women were subjected to conventional dilatation and curettage; 34 underwent abortion without received anesthesia with sombrevin (8-10 mg/kg). Functional state of the endocrine system was evaluated by the changes in steroid hormone levels in the blood and catecholamine levels in the urine. Termination of pregnancy without anesthesia at both 5-6 and 8 weeks of gestation resulted in marked decrease in secretion of sex hormones. Within 3 hours after abortion, there was a 56-58% decrease in estradiol secretion, 27% decrease in progesterone secretion, 38% decrease in cortisol secretion and 35% decrease in corticosterone secretion. Testosterone levels did not differ from those before abortion. Abortion without anesthesia caused marked activation of the symathico-adrenal system seen as a 25-29% increase in the urinary excretion of adrenalin and noradrenalin. Abortion under sombrevin anesthesia produced similar decrease in secretion of sex hormones. At the same time, excretion of catecholamines showed marked decrease, compared with gradual increase following abortion on without anesthesia. It was concluded that sombrevin anesthesia reduces the postoperative stress of the adrenal system.^ieng

[Effect of deprivation of paradoxical sleep on retention of the "passive" avoidance response]. / Vliianie deprivatsii paradoksal'nogo sna na sokhranenie reaktsii "passivnogo" izbeganiia.

The effect of paradoxical sleep deprivation on the retention of passive avoidance was studied in rats. The analysis of the data obtained shows that paradoxical sleep deprivation produces impairment of the criterian of passive avoidance retention, latency prolongation of this reaction and augmentation of rat's motor activity in open field. It may be suggested that impairment of the criterion might be due to enhancement of motor activity, rather than to deprivation of paradoxical sleep per se.

[The role of synchronized electric activity in the development of epileptiform discharges]. / Znachenie sinkhronizirovannoi élektricheskoi aktivnosti v vozniknovenii épileptiformnykh razriadov.

The possibility of production of the epileptiform discharges throughout the sleep--wakefulness cycle was studied by means of thresholds for isolated EEG epileptiform discharges in cats. The experiments with artificially induced EEG synchronization (nembutal) indicate that the EEG synchronization does not facilitate the epileptiform discharges. However, this fact does not include the well--known standpoint concerning the preferential role of the EEG synchronization in provoking generalized seizures.

[Effect of paradoxical sleep deprivation on elaboration and differentiation of alimentary conditioned reflexes]. / Vliianie deprivatsii paradoksal'nogo sna na vyrabotku i differentsiatsiiu pishchevykh uslovnykh refleksov.

Paradoxical sleep deprivation of cats by means of awakening them without any significant emotional stress does not affect the acquisition of sound discrimination. Paradoxical sleep deprivation by Jouvet's method producing emotional stress impairs the acquisition of sound discrimination. However, it fails to affect the reproduction of preliminary elaborated sound discrimination.

Effect of experimentally induced generalized seizures on the wakefulness--sleep cycle.

The effect of experimentally induced generalized seizures on the relations between the various phases of sleep in the wakefulness--sleep cycle was studied in cats with chronically implanted electrodes. After generalized convulsions induced by electrical stimulation of the dorsal hippocampus, unlike those of amygdalar origin, clearly defined changes were observed in the structure of the wakefulness--sleep cycle. In the postseizure period, with increasing wakefulness sharp depression of paradoxical sleep takes place. However, in slow wave sleep only slight changes were observed. Instead of a rebound phenomenon, paradoxical sleep was sharply induced in cats after preliminary deprivation of paradoxical sleep as a result of generalized seizures induced by electrical stimulation of the neocortex. Nonspecific hyperactivation of the brain, in the form of epileptiform discharges, thus has a particularly marked effect on the structure of paradoxical sleep.

[Effect of experimentally induced generalized convulsions on the sleep-wakefulness cycle]. / Vliianie éksperimental'no vyzbannykh generalizovannykh sudorog na tsikl bodrstvovanie--son.

Electrical stimulation of the dorsal hippocampus appeared to have obvious effect on the ratio of phases of the wakefulness--sleep cycle: during the postconvulsive period when wakefulness is prolonged, paradoxical sleep is sharply decreased, while the slow wave sleep changes are insignificant. However, this effect is less pronounced after generalized seizures evoked by amygdaloid stimulation. Thus unspecific hyperactivation of the brain during experimentally induced generalized seizures exert an acute effect on the paradoxical sleep shortening its duration. This emphasized the functional significance of paradoxical sleep that might be a periodical increase of the brain activity during sleep.

Effects of electrical stimulation of the mesencephalon and diencephalon on the paradoxical phase of sleep.

During paradoxical sleep electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation and emotiogenic structures in the mesencephalon and diencephalon produced depression or an increase in the theta rhythm of the hippocampal and entorhinal electrical activity. However, stimulation not involving behavioral arousal did not cause a transition from paradoxical phase into slow wave sleep. The cessation of stimulation restored the normal structure of the paradoxical phase. Stimulation of the reticular formation causing the depression of the hippocampal and entorhinal theta rhythm without behavioral arousal did not affect duration of the paradoxical phase, which was shortened, however, by electrical stimulation of the emotiogenic structures evoking an increase in the hippocampal and entorhinal theta rhythms. Stimulation of ventromedial hypothalamus or septum (during wakefulness inhibiting motivational behavior and emotional stress) caused transition from the paradoxical into slow wave sleep. This is probably caused by a decrease in emotiogenic stress, which during the paradoxical phase is usually on a high level.