[Volunteering as a resource for strengthening the mental health of the elderly].

The aging of the population poses to society the problem of finding mechanisms and tools for preserving health, prolonging the active life position of elderly citizens. The article reveals the potential of volunteerism in the system of strengthening the mental health of the elderly. The data obtained in the course of the study indicate that elderly citizens who participate in volunteer activities for a long time and regularly have high and average indicators of resilience, the presence of goals and the meaning of life, evaluate their lives as emotionally saturated, productive, the ability of elderly people to maintain psychological stability in stressful situations and orientation to overcome life difficulties.

[Matrimonial behavior of student youth in the context of social health studying (gender aspect)].

The article presents the results of a research work aimed at identifying the features of the matrimonial behavior of students in the aspect of social health studying. Of particular importance is the study of students' value attitudes towards marriage and family in a gender context. The authors conducted an empirical study on the basis of the National Research University «BelSU¼ (n = 267; proportional selection based on gender, age, course, level and form of education). The analysis of the main marital attitudes of this group (attitude towards marriage, readiness for marriage, criteria for choosing a marriage partner, motives for marriage, reproductive behavior, reproductive health) was carried out on the basis of primary data obtained during a survey of students of the Belgorod State National Research University. It was revealed that most of the students of NRU «BelSU¼ have a traditional idea of marriage, have a desire to marry and start a family, students prefer official marriage, which implies traditional family values, which characterizes positive trends in the formation of social health. When choosing a marriage partner, most young people are guided by the personal characteristics of a person and their value orientations. It was revealed that the formation of the students' social health, among other aspects, is due to the orientation towards the established values in relation to the value of marriage and the socio-cultural norms of matrimonial behavior.

[The analysis of problems of supporting long-term nursing of individuals who lost their ability to self-care in Russia].

The article presents results of research study intended for identifying degree of cognitive impairment in elderly citizen residing in conditions of institution of stationary social support. The study was conducted in a multidisciplinary rehabilitation institution of social services. The obtained results confirmed necessity to organize primary preventive work and permitted to test program of correctional classes with elderly people having cognitive impairments. The comparative analysis of results of primary and control diagnostics testifies that efficiency of corrective impact depends on degree of cognitive impairment and beginning time of correctional work. The early correction of cognitive abnormality of light and moderate degree is the most successful. It actualizes issues of timely diagnosis of cognitive abnormalities in elderly people and necessity to develop activities of primary prevention of dementia.

[The young families during lock-down: coping strategies].

The article considers the impact of lock-down and quarantine on family relationships and adaptation strategies of young families. The results demonstrate that young families demonstrate both stability during lock-down period and capacity to resist the pandemic crisis. However, isolation period revealed psychological and social problems of family relationships. The pandemic period became the most stressogenic factor for young families with children where parents combine their family responsibilities with "remote" labor activity. The current level of emotional exhaustion of young mothers depends on two components: material well-being of family and age of children. The families with two and more children and families fostering children aged less than 5 years survive most hardly period of self-isolation. The gender inequalities that are traditional for Russian families intensified in conditions of quarantine. The most common coping strategies with these conditions for young males are "escape into Internet", loneliness, alcohol consumption and sport activities. At the same time females prefer caring of their children, housework and involvement in creative activities.

[The prevention of tobacco smoking and development of skills of healthy life-style in students of professional educational institutions].

The purpose of the study is to analyze issues of prevention of smoking among college students and to reveal influence of social environment including influence of healthy lifestyle to development addiction. The study was based on value social model of health. The study covered student survey (n = 495, proportional selection by gender, age, year of study) and standardized interview with youth professionals (n = 21) to analyze in the youth the main motives for smoking, attitudes to healthy lifestyle and preventive social work methods that are implemented in colleges. The comparative analysis of data was carried out in subgroups of smoking and non-smoking students and experts. The results of study demonstrated the unformed negative attitudes to smoking. Among 25% of smoking students and 39% of non-smoking students smoking itself is considered as mean of communication and integration in youth community. Among 45.6% of respondents the exposure to and conformal behavior as reasons for starting smoking were declared. The analysis of results of the study concerning assessing attitude to smoking from the perspective of fashion and social recognition occurred to be unexpected: the number of non-smoking students who assume smoking is fashionable is 17 times higher than the number of smokers who share these beliefs. The comparison of the data permitted to establish possible causes of such a distribution of answers: in everyday life, smokers are faced with various legislative restrictions and social censure, while their non-smoking peers focus on social communicative and recreational effects of this habit. There are particular contradictions in the interpretation by students and youth professionals of causes of smoking. This testifies certain unawareness of professionals about age-related psychological characteristics and emotional conditions of students.

Hunting for origins of migraine pain: cluster analysis of spontaneous and capsaicin-induced firing in meningeal trigeminal nerve fibers.

Trigeminal nerves in meninges are implicated in generation of nociceptive firing underlying migraine pain. However, the neurochemical mechanisms of nociceptive firing in meningeal trigeminal nerves are little understood. In this study, using suction electrode recordings from peripheral branches of the trigeminal nerve in isolated rat meninges, we analyzed spontaneous and capsaicin-induced orthodromic spiking activity. In control, biphasic single spikes with variable amplitude and shapes were observed. Application of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) agonist capsaicin to meninges dramatically increased firing whereas the amplitudes and shapes of spikes remained essentially unchanged. This effect was antagonized by the specific TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine. Using the clustering approach, several groups of uniform spikes (clusters) were identified. The clustering approach combined with capsaicin application allowed us to detect and to distinguish "responder" (65%) from "non-responder" clusters (35%). Notably, responders fired spikes at frequencies exceeding 10 Hz, high enough to provide postsynaptic temporal summation of excitation at brainstem and spinal cord level. Almost all spikes were suppressed by tetrodotoxin (TTX) suggesting an involvement of the TTX-sensitive sodium channels in nociceptive signaling at the peripheral branches of trigeminal neurons. Our analysis also identified transient (desensitizing) and long-lasting (slowly desensitizing) responses to the continuous application of capsaicin. Thus, the persistent activation of nociceptors in capsaicin-sensitive nerve fibers shown here may be involved in trigeminal pain signaling and plasticity along with the release of migraine-related neuropeptides from TRPV1 positive neurons. Furthermore, cluster analysis could be widely used to characterize the temporal and neurochemical profiles of other pain transducers likely implicated in migraine.

Cortical spreading depression induces oxidative stress in the trigeminal nociceptive system.

Indirect evidence suggests the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in migraine pathophysiology. In the current study we measured lipid peroxidation product in the rat cortex, trigeminal ganglia and meninges after the induction of cortical spreading depression (CSD), a phenomenon known to be associated with migraine aura, and tested nociceptive firing triggered by ROS in trigeminal nerves ex vivo. Application of KCl to dura mater in anesthetized rats induced several waves of CSD recorded by an extracellular electrode in the cortex. Following CSD, samples of cortex (affected regions were identified with blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)), meninges from left and right hemispheres and trigeminal ganglia were taken for biochemical analysis. We found that CSD increased the level of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex and meninges, but also in both ipsi- and contralateral trigeminal ganglia. In order to test the pro-nociceptive action of ROS, we applied the mild oxidant hydrogen peroxide to isolated rat hemiskull preparations including preserved trigeminal innervations. Application of hydrogen peroxide to meninges transiently enhanced electrical spiking activity of trigeminal nerves showing a pro-nociceptive action of ROS. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide trigeminal nerves still responded to capsaicin by burst of spiking activity indicating integrity of neuronal structures. The action of hydrogen peroxide was mediated by TRPA1 receptors as it was abolished by the specific TRPA1 antagonist TCS-5861528. Using dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons as test system we found that hydrogen peroxide promoted the release of the migraine mediator calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which we previously identified as a trigger of delayed sensitization of trigeminal neurons. Our data suggest that, after CSD, oxidative stress spreads downstream within the trigeminal nociceptive system and could be involved in the coupling of CSD with the activation of trigeminovascular system in migraine pathology.