ABSTRACT
Phenolic acids still gain significant attention due to their potential antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties. In this study, we have investigated the antimicrobial of six phenolic acids, namely chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric, rosmarinic, gallic and tannic acids in the concentration range 0.5-500 µM, against Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide colorimetric assay. Additionally, the cytotoxic effects of these phenolic acids on two cancer cell lines, the colorectal adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cell line and Dukes' type C colorectal adenocarcinoma DLD-1 cell line was examined. To further understand the molecular properties of these phenolic acids, quantum chemical calculations were performed using the Gaussian 09W program. Parameters such as ionization potential, electron affinity, electronegativity, chemical hardness, chemical softness, dipole moment, and electrophilicity index were obtained. The lipophilicity properties represented by logP parameter was also discussed. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of six phenolic acids, compounds deliberately selected due to their chemical structure. They are derivatives of benzoic or cinnamic acids with the increasing number of hydroxyl groups in the aromatic ring. The integration of experimental and computational methodologies provides a knowledge of the molecular characteristics of bioactive compounds and partial explanation of the relationship between the molecular structure and biological properties. This knowledge aids in guiding the development of bioactive components for use in dietary supplements, functional foods and pharmaceutical drugs.
Subject(s)
Hydroxybenzoates , Humans , Hydroxybenzoates/chemistry , Hydroxybenzoates/pharmacology , Caco-2 Cells , Cell Line, Tumor , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Gallic Acid/chemistry , Gallic Acid/pharmacology , Cinnamates/chemistry , Cinnamates/pharmacology , Caffeic Acids/chemistry , Caffeic Acids/pharmacology , Coumaric Acids/chemistry , Coumaric Acids/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Apple pomace (AP), a by-product of the juice industry, is a rich and inexpensive source of natural bioactive substances, including phenolic compounds, that exhibit health-promoting effects. The recovery of these compounds from plant material using only classical extraction techniques and environmentally friendly solvents is often ineffective due to the entrapment of some compounds in the complex structures of plant cell walls. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) fermentation can be a simple technology to increase the content of phenolic compounds, as well as the antioxidant activity of plant material. In this study, pomace from conventionally grown apples (Malus Domestica) of the Ligol cultivar were fermented with selected LAB strains (Lpb. plantarum KKP 3182, Lpb. plantarum KKP 1527, Lpb. plantarum ZFB 200), commercial starter cultures of Lpb. plantarum, and spontaneously. The fermented material was then subjected to ultrasound-assisted extraction, and the resulting extracts were analysed for their composition (phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, simple organic acids), and antioxidant activity. We found that: (1) the total phenolic content of AP extracts fermented with Lpb. plantarum KKP 1527 was about 30% higher than that of non-fermented AP extracts, (2) extracts of AP fermented with Lpb. plantarum KKP 1527 characterized a higher value of the antioxidant activity, (3) an increase in gallic acid procyanidin A2, protocatechuic acid, and procyanidin B2, while a decrease in rutin and quercetin was observed. The results indicated that AP fermented with Lpb. plantarum KKP 1527 may be a powerful and low-cost source of natural antioxidants which have applications in many industries.
