Epidemiology and risk factors of community-acquired pneumonia in patients with different causes of immunosuppression.

Immunosuppression constitutes a significant risk for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Nevertheless, specific causes of immunosuppression and their relevance for incidence, etiology and prognosis of CAP are insufficiently investigated.We conducted a population-based cohort study within a statutory health insurance in Germany from 2015 to 2018. CAP was retrieved by ICD-10-GM codes. Episodes of immunosuppression were identified by coded conditions (hematologic neoplasms, stem cell or organ transplantation, neutropenia, HIV, primary immunosuppressive syndromes) or treatments (immunosuppressants, antineoplastic drugs, systemic steroids). Endpoints were defined as occurrence of CAP (primary), hospitalization, 30-day mortality and CAP associated with rare pathogens. Our analysis utilized the Andersen-Gill model adjusted for sex, age, level of long-term care, vaccination status, community type and comorbidities.942,008 individuals with 54,781 CAPs were included (hospitalization 55%, 30-day mortality 14.5%). 6% of individuals showed at least one episode of immunosuppression during the study period with systemic steroids (39.8%) and hematologic neoplasms (26.7%) being most common. Immunosuppression was recorded in 7.7% of CAPs. Besides classical risk factors such as age and level of long-term care, immunosuppressed patients were most prone to CAP (HR 2.4[2.3-2.5]) and consecutive death (HR 1.9[1.8-2.1]). Organ and stem cell transplantation (HR 3.2[2.6-4.0] and 2.8[2.1-3.7], respectively), HIV (HR 3.2[1.9-5.4]) and systemic steroids (> 20 mg prednisone daily dose equivalent (HR 2.7[2.4-3.1])) showed the highest risk for contracting CAP. CAP by rare pathogens was strongly associated with immunosuppression (HR 17.1[12.0-24.5]), especially HIV (HR 34.1[7.6-153]) and systemic steroids (HR 8.2[4.6-14.8]).Our study elucidates the relevance of particular immunosuppressive conditions including systemic steroids for occurrence and prognosis of CAP.

Long-term outcome and prognosis of mixed histiocytosis (Erdheim-Chester disease and Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis).

Background: Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a rare histiocytosis that may overlap with Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH). This "mixed" entity is poorly characterized. We here investigated the clinical phenotype, outcome, and prognostic factors of a large cohort of patients with mixed ECD-LCH. Methods: This retrospective study was performed at two referral centers in France and Italy (Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris; Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence). We included children and adults with ECD diagnosed in 2000-2022 who had biopsy-proven LCH, available data on clinical presentation, treatment and outcome, and a minimum follow-up of one year. Outcomes included differences in clinical presentation and survival between mixed ECD-LCH and isolated ECD; we also investigated response to treatments and predictors of survival in the mixed cohort. Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Maier method and differences in survival with the long-rank test. Cox regression models were used to evaluate the potential impact of age and gender on survival and to identify predictors of non-response and survival. Findings: Out of a cohort of 502 ECD patients, 69 (14%) had mixed ECD-LCH. Compared to isolated ECD, mixed ECD-LCH occurred more frequently in females (51 vs. 26%, p < 0.001) and in patients with multisystem disease (≥4 sites). Mixed ECD-LCH more frequently involved long bones (91 vs. 79%, p = 0.014), central nervous system (51 vs. 34%, p = 0.007), facial/orbit (52 vs. 38%, p = 0.031), lungs (43 vs. 28%, p = 0.009), hypothalamic/pituitary axis (51 vs. 26%, p < 0.001), skin (61 vs. 29%, p < 0.001), and lymph nodes (15 vs. 7%, p = 0.028); the BRAFV600E mutation was also more frequent in mixed ECD-LCH (81 vs. 59%, p < 0.001). Targeted treatments (BRAF and/or MEK inhibitors) induced response more frequently than conventional therapies (interferon-α, chemotherapy), either as first-line (77 vs. 29%, p < 0.001) or as any line (75 vs. 24%, p < 0.001). After a median follow-up of 71 months, 24 patients (35%) died. Survival probability was comparable between ECD alone and mixed ECD-LCH (log-rank p = 0.948). At multivariable analysis, age at diagnosis (HR 1.052, 95% CI 1.008-1.096), associated hematologic conditions (HR 3.030, 95% CI 1.040-8.827), and treatment failure (HR 9.736, 95% CI 2.919-32.481) were associated with an increased risk of death, while lytic bone lesions with a lower risk (HR 0.116, 95% CI 0.031-0.432). Interpretation: Mixed ECD-LCH is a multisystem disease driven by the BRAFV600E mutation and targeted treatments are effective. Age at diagnosis, bone lesion patterns, associated hematologic conditions, and treatment failure are the main predictors of death in mixed ECD-LCH. Funding: None.

Long-Term Follow-Up after Laser-Assisted Pulmonary Metastasectomy Shows Complete Lung Function Recovery.

Preserving maximum lung function is a fundamental goal of parenchymal-sparing pulmonary laser surgery. Long-term studies for follow-up of lung function after pulmonary laser metastasectomy are lacking. However, a sufficient postoperative lung function is essential for quality of life and reduces potential postoperative complications. In this study, we investigate the extent of loss in lung function following pulmonary laser resection after three, six, and twelve months. We conducted a retrospective analysis using a prospective database of 4595 patients, focusing on 126 patients who underwent unilateral pulmonary laser resection for lung metastases from 1996 to 2022 using a 1318 nm Nd:YAG laser or a high-power pure diode laser. Results show that from these patients, a median of three pulmonary nodules were removed, with 75% presenting central lung lesions and 25% peripheral lesions. The median preoperative FEV1 was 98% of the predicted value, decreasing to 71% postoperatively but improving to 90% after three months, 93% after six months, and 96% after twelve months. Statistical analysis using the Friedman test indicated no significant difference in FEV1 between preoperative levels and those at six and twelve months post-surgery. The findings confirm that pulmonary laser surgery effectively preserves lung function over time, with patients generally regaining their preoperative lung function within a year, regardless of the metastases' location.

Clinical course of mild-to-moderate idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis during therapy with pirfenidone: Results of the non-interventional study AERplus.

INTRODUCTION: Pirfenidone was the first anti-fibrotic drug approved in Europe in 2011 for the treatment of mild-to-moderate idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical course of mild-to-moderate idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in pirfenidone-treated patients in a real-world setting. METHODS: The non-interventional study was conducted at 18 sites in Germany from 6/2014-12/2016. Adult patients with mild-to-moderate idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis were treated with pirfenidone (escalated from 3×1 to 3×3 capsules of 267 mg/day within 3 weeks) for 12 months. The observation period comprised 4 follow-up visits at months 3, 6, 9 and 12. Disease progression was defined as decrease of ≥10% in vital capacity or ≥15% in diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and/or ≥50m in 6-minute walking distance vs. baseline, or "lack of response/progression" as reason for therapy discontinuation. RESULTS: A total of 51 patients (80.4% male, mean age 70.6 years) were included in the full analysis set. Disease progression at any visit was reported for 23 (67.6%) of 34 patients with available data. Over the course of the study, lung function parameters, physical resilience, impact of cough severity on quality of life, and the mean Gender, Age and Physiology Index (stage II) remained stable. In total, 29 patients (56.9%) experienced at least one adverse drug reaction (11 patients discontinued due to adverse drug reactions); serious adverse reactions were reported in 12 patients (23.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study are in line with the established benefit-risk profile of pirfenidone. Therefore, pirfenidone can be considered a valuable treatment option to slow disease progression in mild-to-moderate idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. NCT02622477.

Long-COVID is Associated with Impaired Red Blood Cell Function.

COVID-19 disease, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), induces a broad spectrum of clinical symptoms ranging from asymptomatic cases to fatal outcomes. About 10-35% of all COVID-19 patients, even those with mild COVID-19 symptoms, continue to show symptoms, i. e., fatigue, shortness of breath, cough, and cognitive dysfunction, after initial recovery. Previously, we and others identified red blood cell precursors as a direct target of SARS-CoV-2 and suggested that SARS-CoV-2 induces dysregulation in hemoglobin- and iron-metabolism contributing to the severe systemic course of COVID-19. Here, we put particular emphasis on differences in parameters of clinical blood gas analysis and hematological parameters of more than 20 healthy and Long-COVID patients, respectively. Long-COVID patients showed impaired oxygen binding to hemoglobin with concomitant increase in carbon monoxide binding. Hand in hand with decreased plasma iron concentration and transferrin saturation, mean corpuscular hemoglobin was elevated in Long-COVID patients compared to healthy donors suggesting a potential compensatory mechanism. Although blood pH was within the physiological range in both groups, base excess- and bicarbonate values were significantly lower in Long-COVID patients. Furthermore, Long-COVID patients displayed reduced lymphocyte levels. The clinical relevance of these findings, e. g., as a cause of chronic immunodeficiency, remains to be investigated in future studies. In conclusion, our data suggest impaired erythrocyte functionality in Long-COVID patients, leading to diminished oxygen supply. This in turn could be an explanation for the CFS, dyspnea and anemia. Further investigations are necessary to identify the underlying pathomechanisms.

Health Care Situation in the Treatment of Uncontrolled GINA Step 4/5 Patients in Germany.

Purpose: It has been estimated that, in 2019, 54,000 patients in Germany had uncontrolled GINA step 4/5 asthma. In the current study we analyzed which health care providers were involved in the management of these patients and their role in disease phenotyping. Patients and Methods: The year 2019 was retrospectively analyzed using the IQVIATM LRx, a longitudinal anonymized prescription database, and the electronic, anonymized medical records database, the IQVIA Disease Analyzer. Results: Of 54,000 uncontrolled GINA step 4/5 asthma patients in Germany, 52% had consulted both general practitioners (GPs) and pulmonologists, and 48% were seen exclusively by a GP. Of these 54,000 patients, 45% were being prescribed and were thus overusing short-acting ß2-agonists (SABAs) and oral corticosteroids (OCS) for ≥2 years, 26% for ≥3 years, and 16% for ≥4 years. In most regions, pulmonologists saw one of their uncontrolled GINA step 4/5 asthma patients per week. Laboratory tests from consultations with a GP were available for only 10% of patients referred to a pulmonologist. In 50% of uncontrolled asthma patients treated according to GINA step 4/5, these were initiated by the pulmonologist, and 34% received laboratory testing within the first year (in GINA step 4/5 asthma, the numbers are 20% and 18%, respectively). Conclusion: Fifty percent of uncontrolled asthma patients treated according to GINA step 4/5 were regularly seen by pulmonologists, who performed most of the phenotyping confirming their importance in the management of severe, uncontrolled asthma in Germany. To understand treatment pathways for these patients, further studies are needed.

Validation of the qSOFA and CRB-65 in SARS-CoV-2-infected community-acquired pneumonia.

Rationale: Prognostic accuracy of the quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) and CRB-65 (confusion, respiratory rate, blood pressure and age (≥65 years)) risk scores have not been widely evaluated in patients with SARS-CoV-2-positive compared to SARS-CoV-2-negative community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). The aim of the present study was to validate the qSOFA(-65) and CRB-65 scores in a large cohort of SARS-CoV-2-positive and SARS-CoV-2-negative CAP patients. Methods: We included all cases with CAP hospitalised in 2020 from the German nationwide mandatory quality assurance programme and compared cases with SARS-CoV-2 infection to cases without. We excluded cases with unclear SARS-CoV-2 infection state, transferred to another hospital or on mechanical ventilation during admission. Predefined outcomes were hospital mortality and need for mechanical ventilation. Results: Among 68 594 SARS-CoV-2-positive patients, hospital mortality (22.7%) and mechanical ventilation (14.9%) were significantly higher when compared to 167 880 SARS-CoV-2-negative patients (15.7% and 9.2%, respectively). All CRB-65 and qSOFA criteria were associated with both outcomes, and age dominated mortality prediction in SARS-CoV-2 (risk ratio >9). Scores including the age criterion had higher area under the curve (AUCs) for mortality in SARS-CoV-2-positive patients (e.g. CRB-65 AUC 0.76) compared to SARS-CoV-2 negative patients (AUC 0.68), and negative predictive value was highest for qSOFA-65=0 (98.2%). Sensitivity for mechanical ventilation prediction was poor with all scores (AUCs 0.59-0.62), and negative predictive values were insufficient (qSOFA-65=0 missed 1490 out of 10 198 patients (∼15%) with mechanical ventilation). Results were similar when excluding frail and palliative patients. Conclusions: Hospital mortality and mechanical ventilation rates were higher in SARS-CoV-2-positive than SARS-CoV-2-negative CAP. For SARS-CoV-2-positive CAP, the CRB-65 and qSOFA-65 scores showed adequate prediction of mortality but not of mechanical ventilation.

[Consensus guideline on the interdisciplinary diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases]. / S1-Leitlinie Interdisziplinäre Diagnostik interstitieller Lungenerkrankungen im Erwachsenenalter.

The evaluation of a patient with interstitial lung disease (ILD) includes assessment of clinical, radiological, and often histopathological data. As there were no specific recommendations to guide the evaluation of patients under the suspicion of an ILD within the German practice landscape, this position statement from an interdisciplinary panel of ILD experts provides guidance related to the diagnostic modalities which should be used in the evaluation of ILD. This includes clinical assessment rheumatological evaluation, radiological examinations, histopathologic sampling and the need for a final discussion in a multidisciplinary team.

[SARS-CoV-2-Infection and Interstitial Lung Disease: Position paper of the German Respiratory Society]. / SARS-CoV-2-Infektion und interstitielle Lungenerkrankungen ­ Positionspapier der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin.

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic had a tremendous impact on diagnosis and treatment of interstitial lung diseases (ILD). Especially in the early phase of the pandemic, when the delta variant was prevailling, a huge number of viral pneumonias were observed, which worsened pre-existing, triggered de novo occurence or discovery of previously subclincal interstitial lung diseases. The effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection - without or with accompanying viral pneumonia - on the further development of pre-existing ILD as well of new pulmonary inflitrates and consolidiations is difficult to predict and poses a daily challenge to interdisciplinary ILD boards. This position paper of the German Respiratory Society (DGP e.V.) provides answers to the most pressing questions based on current knowledge.

[Practicable diagnostics of Sjögren's syndrome in interstitial lung disease-A discussion article]. / Praktikable Sjögren-Diagnostik bei interstitieller Lungenerkrankung ­ ein Diskussionsbeitrag.

Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) is a possible autoimmune cause of interstitial lung disease. The diagnostic pathway for SjS, however, is largely undefined in comparison to other systemic autoimmune diseases. Subjective sicca symptoms, anti-SS-A/Ro antibodies and even ANA as screening tests all have relevant limitations in sensitivity and/or specificity. Against this background, in an interdisciplinary discussion we have developed a consensus for the clarification of SjS, which is presented here for broader discussion. In addition to ANA and anti-SS-A/Ro antibodies, antibodies against alpha-fodrin should be included. Objective measures of dryness, such a Schirmer and Saxon tests are important, as is a salivary gland biopsy in the absence of typical autoantibodies.

Investigating significant health trends in progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease (INSIGHTS-ILD): rationale, aims and design of a nationwide prospective registry.

BACKGROUND: The progressive course of pulmonary fibrosis (PPF) is observed with variable prevalence in different entities of fibrosing interstitial lung disease (fILD). PPF is characterised by worsening respiratory symptoms, declining lung function and increasing extent of fibrosis on high-resolution computer tomography. In Germany, data are limited on the characteristics and management of such patients. METHODS/DESIGN: INSIGHTS-ILD is a prospective observational longitudinal registry designed to describe characteristics, management and course of newly diagnosed (incident) and prevalent patients with fILD on the long term. The registry uses a non-probability sampling approach to collect data on characteristics, therapeutic interventions, health-related quality of life and health economic parameters. It is planned to include 900 patients in ambulatory care in about 30 expert sites over three years. The study has been initiated in December 2021, and currently (January 2023) follows 360 patients. DISCUSSION: The registry is expected to provide much-needed data on the characteristics, management, and trajectories of patients fILD in Germany. The start of the study comes at a time when new treatment options are available for PPF. We hypothesize that PPF represents a broad clinical phenotype that is differentially influenced by inflammatory and fibrotic pathomechanisms that need to be treated with anti-inflammatory and/or anti-fibrotic treatment strategies. This registry will allow comparisons with other countries. Gap analyses based on current guidelines for management of these patients will be possible. Trial registration DRKS00027389 (registered on 7.12.2021), BfArM NIS 7562.

Prevalence of Patients with Uncontrolled Asthma Despite NVL/GINA Step 4/5 Treatment in Germany.

Purpose: Asthma is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in Germany affecting 4-5% of all adults and 10% of children. Despite the availability of biologicals in recent years, studies show patients with inadequately controlled severe asthma in real life. The aim of the current study was to characterize and estimate the number of patients with NVL/GINA level 4 or 5 asthma and signs of poor control in Germany. Patients and Methods: In 2021, we retrospectively analyzed data collected during 2019 using the IQVIA™ LRx and IQVIA™ Disease Analyzer databases which contain anonymized longitudinal data covering approximately 80% of statutory health insurance (GKV) prescriptions in Germany with most relevant information about prescriptions, basic patient demographics or location of the prescriber; the IQVIA™ Disease Analyzer anonymized electronic medical records from a representative sample of office-based GPs and specialists. An expert committee of pulmonologists from different hospitals and expert practices supported the study. Asthma patients treated according to NVL/GINA 4/5 who used SABAs frequently (≥3 on days with no ICS-containing prescriptions/year) and/or received prescriptions for oral corticosteroids (OCS) (score of ≥2/year, a pulmonologist prescription scored 1.0, GP 0.75) were classified as severe, uncontrolled asthma. Results: In 2019, 3.4 million patients received at least two prescriptions of respiratory medications and 2.4 million patients on maintenance respiratory treatment have asthma. A total of 625,000 asthma patients were treated according to NVL/GINA step 4 or 5. Among these, 54,000 were uncontrolled according to the pre-defined OCS and/or SABA use, which corresponds to approximately 15% of patients in certain regions. Conclusion: In 2019, approximately 54,000 patients in Germany treated according to NVL/GINA step 4/5 had evidence suggestive for poor asthma control, up to 15% of patients in certain regions. Yet, only 12,000 patients overall were being treated with biologicals suggesting a possible treatment gap that requires further investigation.

Effects of cyclophosphamide and rituximab in patients with connective tissue diseases with severe interstitial lung disease.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to analyse the effects of real-life immunomodulatory therapy with cyclophosphamide and rituximab for interstitial lung disease (ILD) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc-ILD), anti-synthetase syndrome (ASS-ILD), or Sjögren's syndrome (SjS-ILD), in a single academic centre. METHODS: All inpatients with connective tissue diseases treated with intravenous bolus cyclophosphamide or rituximab were identified from the Medical Centre records. Information on patient characteristics, chest CT results, pulmonary function tests, therapies, and severe adverse events, were extracted from inpatient and outpatient records. RESULTS: Intravenous cyclophosphamide bolus therapy was used in 27 patients with SSc. Cyclophosphamide improved forced vital capacity (FVC) by more than 10% in 4 patients and stabilised it at -0.4% to +3.25% in 8. Rituximab constituted a rescue therapy in 14 SSc patients, and was used for treating 4 patients with ASS-ILD, 2 patients with SjS-ILD and one additional SSc-ILD patient. Rituximab led to FVC improvements of at least 5% in 8 patients and to stabilisation in another 6. 6 patients under cyclophosphamide and 8 patients under rituximab experienced severe adverse events. 8 of the 34 patients died, half of them from causes potentially related to therapy. CONCLUSIONS: In this subset of severely sick patients with connective tissue diseases, cyclophosphamide and/or rituximab led to improvement in 12 patients, and stabilisation was seen in 14. Despite the new options with nintedanib, immunomodulation remains a relevant therapeutic modality for ILD associated with connective tissue disease.

[Modern drug therapy for systemic sclerosis associated interstitial lung disease]. / Moderne medikamentöse Therapie der interstitiellen Lungenerkrankung bei systemischer Sklerose.

Systemic Sclerosis with Interstitial Lung Disease (SSc-ILD) is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Because of a lack of approved medications that can effectively influence SSc-ILD disease course, there is a need for new therapeutic options. Treatment with immunomodulatory therapies as well as with autologous stem cell transplant is being further investigated in current clinical studies. Recently, a phase III study demonstrated the positive effect of the antifibrotic agent nintedanib on the loss of lung volume and thus disease progression in patients with SSc-ILD. Due to its synergistic mechanism of action, combination therapy with nintedanib and mycophenolate could be a complementary treatment approach for SSc-ILD in the future.

A New Tool to Assess Quality of Life in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis or Non-specific Interstitial Pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Quality of life (QoL) is significantly impaired in patients with pulmonary fibrosis, however reliable tools to assess QoL issues specific for this group of patients are still missing. We thus aimed to develop a new questionnaire called "Quality of life in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis" (QPF) to measure QoL in patients with fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIP). METHODS: An item pool was created on the basis of a German expert group with support of patients suffering from pulmonary fibrosis. In a 1st step, this version of the questionnaire was completed by 52 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) or non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP). Following this, an item- and an exploratory factor analysis was carried out and a 2nd version created. In a multicenter validation study in a one-group pre-post design, the questionnaire was filled in by 200 patients with IIP (IPF = 190, iNSIP = 10) at 2 time points with an interval of 6 months. Cross-validation was carried out with the St. Georges Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 71.0 years (50-90 years), 82.5 % were male. Item analysis revealed that most of Cronbach alpha and selectivity values of QPF-scales could be considered as sufficient (e. g. QPF-scale "condition" [alpha = 0.827], "impairment" [alpha = 0.882]). At scale level, there were significant differences in terms of a deterioration or improvement in the QPF-condition and QPF-breathlessness scales and also in the SGRQ-activity scale. Analysis of construct validation of QPF and SGRQ showed moderate correlations between both questionnaires. A deterioration in health status from the patient's and doctor's perspective was seen in the scales "impairment", "shortness of breath" and "health status" of the QPF. The QPF was able to detect a change in the patient's mood ("condition" scale) in the course of treatment. CONCLUSION: This newly developed questionnaire maps the special needs of the patients well. The QPF is suitable for screening of quality of life as well as for supplementing the medical history and for monitoring the course of disease in fibrotic IIPs.

Nintedanib in progressive interstitial lung diseases: data from the whole INBUILD trial.

BACKGROUND: The primary analysis of the INBUILD trial showed that in subjects with progressive fibrosing interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), nintedanib slowed the decline in forced vital capacity (FVC) over 52 weeks. We report the effects of nintedanib on ILD progression over the whole trial. METHODS: Subjects with fibrosing ILDs other than idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, who had ILD progression within the 24 months before screening despite management deemed appropriate in clinical practice, were randomised to receive nintedanib or placebo. Subjects continued on blinded randomised treatment until all subjects had completed the trial. Over the whole trial, mean±sd exposure to trial medication was 15.6±7.2 and 16.8±5.8 months in the nintedanib and placebo groups, respectively. RESULTS: In the nintedanib (n=332) and placebo (n=331) groups, respectively, the proportions of subjects who had ILD progression (absolute decline in FVC ≥10% predicted) or died were 40.4% and 54.7% in the overall population (hazard ratio (HR) 0.66, 95% CI 0.53-0.83; p=0.0003) and 43.7% and 55.8% among subjects with a usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP)-like fibrotic pattern on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.53-0.91; p=0.009). In the nintedanib and placebo groups, respectively, the proportions who had an acute exacerbation of ILD or died were 13.9% and 19.6% in the overall population (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.46-0.98; p=0.04) and 15.0% and 22.8% among subjects with a UIP-like fibrotic pattern on HRCT (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.39-0.97; p=0.03). CONCLUSION: Based on data from the whole INBUILD trial, nintedanib reduced the risk of events indicating ILD progression.