Therapeutic Effects of Newly Synthesized Boron Compounds (BGM and BGD) on Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Boron has an important potential for facilitating biological activity and for use in pharmaceutical drug design. Boron glycine monoester (BGM) and boron glycine diester (BGD) compounds containing boron atoms were synthesized and investigated their cytotoxic, oxidative stress, and antimicrobial activities on the HepG2 cancer cell line. The cytotoxic activity of newly synthesized boron compounds on hepatocellular carcinoma was determined by the MTT method for 48 h. Antioxidant (CAT, GSH), lipid peroxidation (MDA), and enzyme activity (ACP, ALP) analyses were determined by spectrophotometric methods in HepG2 cells. Antimicrobial activity was determined by the disk diffusion method. After 48 h of BGM and BGD application to HepG2 cells, we found the IC50 values as 9.9 mM and 24 mM, respectively. While CAT and ACP enzyme activities decreased in all groups compared to the control, ALP enzyme activity did not change in the BGM group but increased in the BGD group. It was determined that the GSH level did not change in all groups, while the MDA level increased. It has been stated that these IC50 doses of BGM and BGD have antibacterial effects on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Newly synthesized boron compounds, particularly BGM, with their cytotoxic, oxidative stress, and antimicrobial effects, could provide a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Novel mixed ligand coordination compounds of some rare earth metal cations containing acesulfamato/N,N-diethylnicotinamide.

The mixed ligand coordination compounds containing acesulfamato and N,N -diethylnicotinamide biomolecules of some rare earth metal cations (Eu3+, Tb3+, Ho3+, Er3+ and Yb3+) were synthesized, and their structural properties were investigated. Possible structural formulas have been proposed by determining the chemical composition of molecules (elemental analysis), binding properties (infrared spectroscopy, mass analysis, solid-state UV-vis spectroscopy), thermal degradation properties (TGA / DTA curves). Based on the data collected, it is suggested that rare earth metal cations with a 3+ oxidation state have sextet coordination. The geometries of the structures were thought to be distorted octahedral. The charge balance of the coordination sphere is balanced by a monoanionic acesulfamato located outside the coordination sphere. When the thermal behaviours of the complexes were examined, it was determined that the compounds with Eu3+, Tb3+, and Yb3+ metal cations contained one hydrate water outside the coordination sphere. Hydrate waters do not exist in the Ho3+ and Er3+ metal cation-centred complexes. At the end of the thermal decomposition analysis of all complex structures, it was determined that they leave the relevant metal oxides in the reaction vessels as final decomposition products.

Synthesis of New Boron Derived Compounds; Anticancer, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Effect in Vitro Glioblastoma Tumor Model.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study is to investigate the cytotoxic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects of newly synthesized boron compounds in U87MG glioblastoma cell treatment. METHODS: We synthesized boron glycine monoester (BGM) and boron glycine diester (BGD) structures containing boron atoms and determined their cytotoxic activities on glioblastoma by the MTT method. The inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) value was calculated with GraphPad Prism 5.0 program. The IC50 values were administered 48 hours on U87MG glioblastoma cell. Catalase (CAT), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), total glutathione (GSH), and total protein levels were detected using spectrophotometric methods. We determined the antimicrobial activities of BGM and BGD with the disc diffusion method. RESULTS: After 48 hours of BGM and BGD application to U87MG glioblastoma cells, we found the IC50 value as 6.6 mM and 26 mM, respectively. CAT and ACP enzyme activities were decreased in BGM and BGD groups. MDA which is a metabolite of lipid peroxidation was increased in both boron compounds groups. GSH level was reduced especially in BGD group. BGM and BGD have been found to be antimicrobial effects. CONCLUSION: Boron compounds, especially the BGM, can provide a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of glioblastoma with their anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects.

Novel Non-Metal Cation (NMC) Pentaborate Salts of Some Amino Acids.

Non-metal cation (NMC) pentaborate structures, in which some amino acids (valine, leucine, isoleucine, and threonine) were used as cations, were synthesized. The structural characterization of molecules was carried out by elemental analysis, FT-IR, mass, 11B-NMR, and thermal analysis (TGA/DTA) methods. The hydrogen storage capacity of molecules was also calculated by taking experimental results into consideration. The FT-IR spectra support the similarity of structures. The characteristic peaks attributable to pentaborate rings and amino acids were observed. When thermal analysis data were examined, it was observed that pentaborate salts gave similar degradation steps and degradation products. As a final degradation product of all thermal analysis experiments, a glassy form of B2O3 was observed. The valine pentaborate is the most thermally stable. Also, the amounts of hydrate water outside the coordination sphere of the compounds were determined by thermal analysis curves. The peaks of boric acid, triborate, and pentaborate structures were obtained in ppm with the 11B-NMR results of synthesized pentaborate compounds. With powder X-ray spectroscopy, all structures were found to be crystalline but not suitable for single-crystal X-ray analysis. The molecular cavities of the compounds detected by BET were found to be 3.286, 1.873, 2.309, and 1.860 g/cm3, respectively. A low number of molecular cavities can be interpreted in several existing hydrogen bonds in structures. The hydrogen storage capacities of the molecules were found to be in the range of 0.04 to 0.07% by mass.

Effect of immobilization on the activity of catalase carried by poly(HEMA-GMA) cryogels.

Hydrogen peroxide is converted by catalase to molecular oxygen and water to remove oxidative stress. In this study, catalase immobilization was performed using poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-glycidyl methacrylate) (poly(HEMA-GMA)) cryogels with different amounts of GMA. Catalase adsorption capacity of 298.7 ±â€¯9.9 mg/g was achieved at the end of 9 h using the poly(HEMA-GMA)-250 cryogel. Kinetic parameters and the inhibitory effects of pesticides such as 4,4'-DDE and 4,4'-DDT on the activity of free and immobilized catalase enzyme were investigated. While the Vmax value of the immobilized enzyme was reduced 4-fold compared to the free enzyme, in the case of the comparison of the KM values, the affinity of the immobilized enzyme was increased by 1.94 times against the substrate. The inhibitory effect of 4,4'-DDT pesticide was found to be higher for the immobilized and free enzyme. NaCl (1 M, pH: 7.0) solution was used for desorption of the adsorbed catalase enzyme. A desorption ratio of 96.45% was achieved. The technique used in this study is promising regarding for the immobilization of catalase enzyme to increase the operational activity. Therefore, poly(HEMA-GMA) cryogels have the potential to be used for immobilization of catalase enzyme in the fields of biology and biochemistry.

Gadolinium borate and iron oxide bioconjugates: Nanocomposites of next generation with multifunctional applications.

The systematic investigations concerning the bioconjugation of GdBO3-Fe3O4 nanocomposite and their in vitro biocompatibility with cancer cell lines are reported. The nanocomposites were prepared hydrothermally from magnetite (Fe3O4), borax or boric acid and a Gd3+ salt. Bioconjugation processes were performed with citric acid and fluorescein isothiocyanate-doped silica, followed by the treatment with folic acid. Overall, the procedure involved "bare or PEGylated Fe3O4 as the magnetic core" and "vaterite- or triclinic-type of GdBO3 as the surface borate layer" for comparative evaluation of the results. The successful vectorization of the nanocomposite particles was demonstrated by quantitative and qualitative analytical data. All bioconjugates displayed soft ferromagnetic properties and negative zeta potential values that are appropriate for biological applications. The 10B and 157Gd contents were ca. 1014 atom/µg making them promising agents for BNCT, GdNCT and the combined GdBNCT. The Gd/Fe molar ratios (0.27-0.63) provided the capability for T1- or dual (T1 + T2) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In vitro studies were conducted to investigate the efficiency of targeted FA-conjugated versus non-FA conjugated nanoformulations on Mia-Pa-Ca-2, HeLa and A549 cells. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry data unveiled the essential role of the zeta potential competing with folate targeting in the uptake mechanism. The bioconjugated nanoplatforms of GdBO3-Fe3O4 composite, introduced herein, proved to have potential features of next generation agents for magnetically targeted therapy, fluorescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging/diagnosis and Neutron Capture Therapy.

Removal of DDE by exploiting the alcoho-phobic interactions.

DDE (1,1-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene), which is a commonly used pesticides in agriculture, has harmful effects on human health. Therefore, the removal of this substance from the drinking water and the soil is essential. Since DDT (1,1″-(2,2,2-Trichloroethane-1,1-diyl) bis(4-chlorobenzene)) is derivation of DDE, the presence of DDT can be monitored by the detection of DDE present in the environment. Herein, we report on the development of aspartic acid-incorporated poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-L-aspartic acid) [poly(HEMA-MAsp)] cryogel for the removal of DDE from aqueous solutions for the first time in the literature. The synthesized cryogels were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), an N2 adsorption method, elemental analysis, and swelling test. The separation experiments were carried out via a batch system to get the optimum adsorption conditions including pH, interaction time, initial DDE concentration, and temperature. The desorption and the reusability results revealed that there was no significant decrease in the DDE adsorption capacity of the cryogels after five adsorption-desorption cycles. The maximum DDE adsorption capacity of poly(HEMA-MAsp) cryogels was found to be 31.51 mg DDE/g polymer for 50 mg DDE/L solution.

Fe(II)-Co(II) Double Salt Incorporated Magnetic Hydrophobic Microparticles for Invertase Adsorption.

Invertase (ß-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.26) is an enzyme widely used in the food industry. Its main function is the formation of glucose and fructose through hydrolysis of sucrose. For the separation and purification of this commercially important enzyme from aqueous solutions, magnetic poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-N-methacryloyl-L-tryptophan), m-poly(HEMA-MATrp) microparticles were developed. Magnetic properties of microparticles are provided using ferromagnetic Fe(II)-Co(II) double salt. Characterization studies of magnetic microparticles were conducted via vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Specific surface area of magnetic microparticles is 6.75 m(2)/g. Because of all experiments performed in this study, the adsorption capability of magnetic microparticles was optimized by variation of different conditions (pH, interaction time, initial invertase concentration, temperature, and ionic strength) and maximum adsorption capacity was determined as 992.64 mg invertase/g magnetic microparticles.

Ethyl 2-[(2-hy-droxy-benzyl-idene)amino]-6-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetra-hydro-thieno[2,3-c]pyridine-3-carboxyl-ate.

The title compound, C18H20N2O3S, exists as the phenol-imine form in the crystal and there are bifurcated intra-molecular O-H⋯(N/O) hydrogen bonds present. The conformation about the C=N bond is anti (1E); the C=N imine bond length is 1.287 (4) Šand the C=N-C angle is 122.5 (3)°. In the tetrahydrothienopyridine moiety, the six-membered ring has a flattened-boat conformation. In the crystal, mol-ecules are stacked nearly parallel to (110) and a weak C-H⋯π inter-action is observed. The carbonyl O atom is disordered over two positions and was refined with a fixed occupancy ratio of 0.7:0.3.

Tetra-aqua-bis(orotato-κO)cobalt(II) dihydrate.

In the title Co(II) complex, [Co(C(5)H(3)N(2)O(4))(2)(H(2)O)(4)]·2H(2)O, the Co(II) ion is located on an inversion center and is coordinated by two orotate (2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine-4-carboxylate) anions and four water mol-ecules in a slightly distorted octa-hedral geometry. The dihedral angle between the carboxyl-ate group and the attached orotate ring is 1.2 (3)°. In the crystal structure, inter-molecular O-H⋯O, N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into a three-dimensional network. π-π contacts between the orotate rings [centroid-centroid distances = 3.439 (2) and 3.438 (2) Å] further stabilize the structure.

trans-Diaquabis(nicotinamide-kappaN)bis(salicylato-kappaO)cobalt(II).

The title compound, [Co(C(7)H(5)O(3))(2)(C(6)H(6)N(2)O)(2)(H(2)O)(2)], forms a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded supramolecular structure. The Co(II) ion is in an octahedral coordination environment comprising two pyridyl N atoms, two carboxylate O atoms and two O atoms from water molecules. Intermolecular N-H...O and O-H...O hydrogen bonds produce R(2)(2)(8), R(2)(2)(12) and R(2)(2)(14) rings, which lead to two-dimensional chains. An extensive three-dimensional supramolecular network of C-H...O, N-H...O and O-H...O hydrogen bonds and C-H...pi interactions is responsible for crystal structure stabilization. This study is an example of the construction of a supramolecular assembly based on hydrogen bonds in mixed-ligand metal complexes.

trans-Diaquabis(3-hydroxybenzoato-kappaO1)bis(nicotinamide-kappaN1)copper(II).

The title compound, [Cu(C(7)H(5)O(3))(2)(C(6)H(6)N(2)O)(2)(H(2)O)(2)], is a two-dimensional hydrogen-bonded supramolecular complex. The Cu(II) ion resides on a centre of symmetry and is in an octahedral coordination environment comprising two pyridine N atoms, two carboxylate O atoms and two O atoms from water molecules. Intermolecular N-H...O and O-H...O hydrogen bonds produce R(2)(2)(4), R(2)(2)(8) and R(2)(2)(15) rings which lead to one-dimensional polymeric chains. An extensive two-dimensional network of N-H...O and O-H...O hydrogen bonds and C-H...pi interactions are responsible for crystal stabilization.

Diaquabis(4-fluorobenzoato-kappaO)bis(nicotinamide-kappaN)cobalt(II).

The title compound, [Co(C(7)H(4)FO(2))(2)(C(6)H(6)N(2)O)(2)(H(2)O)(2)], is a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded supramolecular complex. The Co(II) ion resides on a centre of symmetry and is in an octahedral coordination environment comprising two pyridyl N atoms, two carboxylate O atoms and two O atoms from water molecules. Intermolecular N-H...O and O-H...O hydrogen bonds produce R(3)(2)(6), R(2)(2)(12) and R(2)(2)(16) rings, which lead to two-dimensional chains. An extensive three-dimensional network of C-H...F, N-H...O and O-H...O hydrogen bonds and pi-pi interactions are responsible for crystal stabilization.

catena-Poly[[[triaquacobalt(II)]-mu-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine-4-carboxylato(2-)] 1.72-hydrate].

The Co(II) ion in the title complex {[Co(C5H2N2O4)(H2O)3].1.72H2O}n, has a distorted octahedral coordination geometry comprised of three water ligands, one deprotonated pyrimidine N atom and an adjacent carboxylate O atom of one orotate ligand. The sixth coordination site is occupied by an exocyclic O atom from a neighbouring orotate moiety, and through this interaction a helicoidal chain is formed. The molecules are linked by intramolecular Owater-H...O and intermolecular N-H...O and Owater-H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network.