[Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation, demographic history, and population structure of Amur sturgeon Acipenser schrenckii Brandt, 1869].

The variability of the mtDNA control region (D-loop) was examined in Amur sturgeon endemic to the Amur River. This species is also classified as critically endangered by the IUCN Red List of Threatened species. Sequencing of 796- to 812-bp fragments of the D-loop in 112 sturgeon collected in the Lower Amur revealed 73 different genotypes. The sample was characterized by a high level of haplotypic (0.976) and nucleotide (0.0194) diversity. The identified haplotypes split into two well-defined monophyletic groups, BG (n = 39) and SM (n = 34), differing (HKY distance) on average by 3.41% of nucleotide positions upon an average level of intragroup differences of 0.54 and 1.23%, respectively. Moreover, the haplotypes of the SM groups differed by the presence of a 13-14 bp deletion. Most ofthe samples (66 out of 112) carried BG haplotypes. Overall, the pattern of pairwise nucleotide differences and the results of neutrality tests, as well as the results of tests for compliance with the model of sudden demographic expansion or with the model of exponential growth pointed to a past significant increase in the number of Amur sturgeon, which was most clearly manifested in the analysis of data on the BG haplogroup. The constructed Bayesian skyline plots showed that this growth began about 18 to 16 thousand years ago. At present, the effective size of the strongly reduced (due to overharvesting) population of Amur sturgeon may be equal to or even lower than it was before the beginning of this growth during the Last Glacial Maximum. The presence in the mitochondrial gene pool ofAmur sturgeon of two haplogroups, their unequal evolutionary dynamics, and, judging by scanty data, their unequal representation in the Russian and Chinese parts of the Amur River basin point to the possible existence of at least two distinct populations of Amur sturgeon in the past.

[Intravascular laser irradiation of blood in treatment of traumatic abdominal organs injuries]. / Primenenie vnutrisosudistogo lazernogo oblucheniia krovi pri travmakh organov briushnoi polosti.

The application of intravascular laser irradiation of the blood (ILIB) in combined postoperative intensive care in 28 patients with traumatic injuries of parenchymal organs and severe intraabdominal bleeding (more than 20% CBV) contributed to substantial improvement of the results of treatment and reduction of complications rate. ILIB boosts functional activity of leucocytes, normalizes the system of hemostasis and antioxidant defence.

[The causes of fatalities in liver and spleen injuries]. / Prichiny letal'nosti pri povrezhdeniiakh pecheni i selezenki.

The authors have analyzed results of treatment of 170 patients with traumas of the liver and 129 patients with injuries of the spleen. It was established that the leading factors responsible for lethality were severity of shock, blood loss volume and the amount of associated injuries. The authors have shown that laser coagulation for hemostasis could reduce the amount of lethalities and gave less amount of postoperative complications.

[The outcomes of the surgical treatment of a bleeding duodenal ulcer at a specialized provincial center]. / Iskhody khirurgicheskogo lecheniia krovotochashchei iazvy dvenadtsatiperstnoi kishki v oblastnom spetsializirovannom tsentre.

Gastroduodenal bleedings were surgically treated in 244 patients with bleeding duodenal ulcers at the regional specialized center of treatment of gastroduodenal bleedings during 5 years. Postoperative lethality was 9.4%. A classification of surgical operations for bleeding ulcers is proposed depending on the time of performing. Substantiation is given to expediency of specialized medical care of such patients at the specialized center.

[A microbiological validation and criteria for the efficacy of the use of CO2 and YAG lasers in the surgical treatment of cholecystitis]. / Mikrobiologicheskoe obosnovanie i kriterii éffektivnosti primeneniia CO2- i AIG-lazerov v khirurgicheskom lechenii kholetsistita.

A considerable frequency of infected bed of the gallbladder in different forms of cholecystitis was established, the anaerobic microflora being inoculated more often. A direct dependence of the frequency of infecting the bile and gallbladder bed on the patient's age and duration of having chronic cholecystitis was shown. The sterilization and prevention of reinfection of the gallbladder bed after the removal of it can be achieved by the laser irradiation of the total bed surface inspite of the absence of clear symptoms of acute inflammation of the bladder and the surrounding tissues, and the cleansing should be performed after the manipulations on extrahepatic bile ducts are completed.

[CO2 and YAG lasers in the surgery of traumatic lesions of the liver, spleen and kidney]. / CO2- i AIG-lazery v khirurgii travmaticheskikh povrezhdeniiakh pecheni, selezenki i pochki.

CO2 and YAG [correction of AIG] lasers were used in 86 patients with traumas of the liver, spleen, kidney. Methods of laser coagulation and indications for its use were developed and allowed to considerably reduce lethality in the surgery of closed injuries of the liver, to preserve the spleen in 46% of the patients, and to carry out treatment of kidney wounds with high quality. Laser coagulation is an effective method to arrest the parenchymal hemorrhage which results in substantially higher quality of the operations performed.

[The surgical procedure in splenic injuries]. / Khirurgicheskaia taktika pri povrezhdeniiakh selezenki.

An analysis of the character of operations in 106 patients with traumas of the spleen has been made. Organ-preserving operations with a laser scalpel were fulfilled on 28 patients. Absolute indications for performing the organ-preserving operation were revealed in 28% of the patients. Relative indications were found in 53%. Methods of laser coagulation are proposed which helped to preserve the spleen in 46% of the patients during the last 4 years.

[The use of the laser scalpel in surgery of the spleen]. / Primenenie lazernogo skal'pelia v khirurgii selezenki.

The CO2 laser was used to arrest bleeding from traumatic wounds of the spleen in 24 patients. The success of laser coagulation was determined by the qualification of the surgeon who performed the operation and his skill in working with a laser scalpel. Comparative analysis of the intraoperative aspects and operative outcomes with those in 60 patients who underwent splenectomy (57) and suturation (3) showed the marked advantages of laser coagulation which allowed the spleen to be preserved in 63% of cases.

[Ways to decrease lethality in mechanical injuries to the liver]. / Puti snizheniia letal'nosti pri mekhanicheskikh povrezhdeniiakh pecheni.

An analysis of 135 observations of injuries of the liver and literature data of the recent 5 years (3931 cases) have shown that lethality resulting from trauma of the liver remains high and makes 20-78% of patients with closed injuries. Main causes of death of such patients are shock and blood loss. Optimization of the surgical treatment of injuries of the liver may be achieved by the introduction of reliable sources of hemostasis which are thought to be laser and plasma radiation, and by the development of effective methods of temporary hemostasis.

[Hyperbaric oxygenation in the treatment of bleeding gastroduodenal ulcers]. / Giperbaricheskaia oksigenatsiia v lechenii krovotochashchei iazvy zheludka i dvenadtsatiperstnoi kishki.

It is shown on the basis of analysis of the results of treatment of 179 patients that the use of hyperbaric oxygenation in the complex surgical management of ulcerative gastroduodenal bleeding reduced the number of postoperative complications by a factor of 3.3 and led to a decrease of mortality from 20 to 1%. The authors confirm the expedience of including hyperbaric oxygenation in the complex of therapeutic measures in patients with bleeding ulcers under conditions of accomplished hemostasis by conservative or surgical methods in one of three suggested variants: in preparation of the patients for operation in the postponed period; after operative interventions carried out at the peak of bleeding; before and after operations on patients with moderate and severe blood loss and concomitant diseases. The sessions should be conducted under pressure of 2 atm for 60 minutes.

[Use of laser scalpel in the surgical treatment of injuries of the liver]. / Primenenie lazernogo skal'pelia v khirurgii povrezhdeniia pecheni.

An analysis of the 10-years clinical use of CO2-laser scalpel in surgery of traumas of the liver in 41 patients was performed. In 55 patients wounds of the liver were treated by the routine surgical method. Laser coagulation is especially effective for treatment of great area flat wounds. A pronounced hemo- and cholestatic effect of the defocused laser radiation was noted which allowed 3, 5 times more often performing the radical treatment of wounds of the liver. Lethality was reduced from 31% to 24%.

[Complications and mortality in splenic trauma]. / Oslozhneniia i letal'nost' pri travme selezenki.

The analysis of complications and lethality in 97 patients with closed splenic trauma was carried out. The main causes of death of the injured were shock, concomitant injuries. The total postoperative lethality was 33%. Of the 60% of patients with associated injuries, 51.7% died. In injury to four and more organs, all the sufferers died. The incidence of postoperative complications was 22.7%. Most frequently (21.6%) the purulent septic complications which caused death in 7.2% of patients were noted. In preservation of a spleen, the incidence of such complications reduced 2.6-fold.

[The use of laser scalpel in the surgical treatment of cholecystitis]. / Primenenie lazernogo skal'pelia v khirurgicheskom lechenii kholetsistita.

A comparison of the results of 169 cholecystectomies with the use of a laser scalpel and 160--conventional methods was carried out. The CO2-laser was used for exposure of the gallbladder and coagulation of tissue of the liver in the region of its bed. Hemo- and cholestasis in all the cases was reliable, and due to this fact in 27% of the patients, the subhepatic recess was not drained. The incidence of complications after the elective cholecystectomy reduced by 11%, after the emergency one--by 9%, the lethality reduced considerably.

[Laser use in the prevention and treatment of suppurative-infectious complications in abdominal surgery]. / Ispol'zovanie lazera dlia profilaktiki i lecheniia gnoino-septicheskikh oslozhnenii v abdominal'noi khirurgii.

From 1986, into the complex of treatment of 284 patients with inflammatory diseases of the abdominal organs, the irradiation by the helium-neon laser according to the scheme developed was included. There were no complications related to the use of a laser. Mean duration of treatment the patients in a hospital in circumscribed peritonitis reduced from 16.8 to 14.7 days, in diffuse peritonitis--from 35.1 to 27.4 days; the postoperative lethality reduced from 12 to 6%.