[Prevalence of depressive disorders in patients with end-stage renal failure]. / Rozpowszechnienie zaburzen depresyjnych wsród pacjentów ze schylkowa niewydolnoscia nerek.

AIM: The depressive symptoms are common in patients with end-stage kidney disease but they are often undiagnosed and can complicate the renal replacement therapy. The aim of this study was to identify significant differences in frequency and severity of depressive symptoms among patients with end-stage renal disease depending on what form of treatment they are undergoing--hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and patients after kidney transplantation. METHODS: 323 patients with end-stage renal failure were examined. Among them 206 patients were hemodialysed, 64--undergoing the peritoneal dialysis and 53 patients were the recipients of kidney transplants. We used a self-constructed questionnaire and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). RESULTS: Beck Depression Inventory reflects mild and moderate intensification of symptoms. The results obtained by the use of BDI show the mild and moderate intensification of the depressive symptoms in the study group. The majority of patients suffering from depression were found in the group of patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis, to a lesser degree in the hemodialysis subgroup and among these, depression had moderate intensity. Patients after kidney transplantation were found to be at a smaller risk of depression comparing to dialysed patients. CONCLUSIONS: End-stage renal disease may affect the occurrence of depressive symptoms, the treatment may also play a role in the formation and intensity. We formulated the conclusions of our study carefully, taking into account a multitude of other existing causal factors.

[Influence of positive and negative symptoms on suicidal behaviour in schizophrenia. Review of current literature]. / Wplyw objawów pozytywnych i negatywnych na zachowania samobójcze w schizofrenii. Przeglad aktualnej literatury.

Suicide is the main cause of death among persons with schizophrenia. The risk of suicide among this group is continually high and it is estimated at 10%. The aim of the study was a review of current literature concerning positive and negative symptoms on suicidal behaviour in schizophrenia. Some studies showed, that the active phase of the disease and worsening of the sickness increase the risk of suicide among those diagnosed with schizophrenia. It is contradictory to the works, which prove that suicide of a schizophrenic person is not a result of experiencing psychotic symptoms. According to literature on the subject, the influence of positive symptoms on the incidence of suicide attempts made in schizophrenia is still inconclusive, also researchers' opinions about the negative symptoms are divided. None of the hitherto studies present statistically significant proof that commanding auditory hallucinations increase the risk of suicide among schizophrenics. The results of the investigations quoted below did not allow to unambiguously recognize the influence of positive and negative symptoms on suicidal behaviour, as well as to qualify them to a group of risk factors or a group of variables, playing a protective role.