Women in radiology in the United States: 1982 survey of their professional practices.

In 1982, the American Association of Women Radiologists surveyed women radiologists practicing in the United States to acquire information concerning their training, practice patterns, lifestyles, and opinions about employment equity. This report summarizes the resulting data from 336 responses to the 1,700 questionnaires that were distributed. As would be expected with the increasing number of women currently graduating from medical school, women radiologists responding to the questionnaire are younger than the group of radiologists as a whole. However, geographic distribution and percentage of board certification (96%) are comparable for the two groups. Data from the survey indicate that at least 61% of women radiologists are involved in private practice and 39% in academic radiology. For all radiologists, the respective figures are 82% and 18%. Most women responding to the survey believed that their income was comparable to that of men in similar positions. On the other hand, 56% of respondents perceived inequities in the ability of women radiologists to secure desirable jobs.

The disparate diameter. A sign of rotational deformity in fractures.

Although clinical assessment is usually better than radiographic evaluation in detecting rotational deformity at a fracture site, the forearm is an exception to this rule. A simple radiologic sign is here described which may uncover rotational fracture deformity: in the absence of comminution, whenever the diameter of a long bone changes abruptly across a fracture line, a significant rotational deformity must be considered. The basis for and applications of this sign are described.

Inflatable penile implant for impotence: radiologic evaluation.

A hydraulic four-part prosthetic device to enable penile erection is being implanted into selected patients with organic or psychogenic impotence. By controlling a pump mechanism implanted into the scrotum, the patient can cause penile erection and its subsidence. Complications of the procedure are related to the surgery and the mechanics of the prosthesis. Radiography is invaluable in detecting cylinder ballooning, cylinder buckling, fluid leaks from the system, and tube kinking. Radiographic evaluation of the device is done with a single, carefully monitored film with the penis in the oblique position and, if necessary, additional films in the anteroposterior position with the prosthesis inflated or deflated.

Nonunion.

Nonunion can be classified into hypertrophic and atrophic types solely on radiographic appearance. The etiology of the former is uncontrolled motion at the fracture site and of the latter is devitalization of bone at the fracture site. The orthopedic management of each type differs markedly. Early diagnosis and proper orthopedic management of nonunion are predicated on proper interpretation of the radiographs. The radiographic appearance of each type is discussed and the pathophysiology is explained.

Intertrochanteric fractures: current concepts of an old subject.

The pre- or intraoperative classification of intertrochanteric fractures into stable and unstable is based on the status of the bone in the critical calcar femorale area and the obliquity of the fracture line. Modern management of unstable intertrochanteric fractures may include displacement at the fracture site, osteotomy, and fixation with a sliding screw system. These procedures produce postoperative films of an "unusual" appearance. The radiologist must understand the principles of classification and management to properly interpret the pre- and postoperative films.