Anaplastic large cell lymphoma: A great mimic on cytology.

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a T-cell lymphoma, accounting for <5% of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Cutaneous involvement can be primary or secondary arising in systemic ALCL. The diagnostic feature in both is the presence of pleomorphic, CD30 positive hallmark cells. We present a case of ALCL in a 19-year-old male presenting as an ulcerated scalp swelling. Clinical impression was actinomycosis or scrofuloderma. Cytology smears showed large dispersed pleomorphic cells with hyperlobated nuclei and multinucleated giant cells. The differentials considered were ALCL, rhabdomyosarcoma, and poorly differentiated carcinoma. Immunocytochemistry (ICC) showed positivity for leukocyte common antigen (LCA) and CD30 while negativity for desmin, favoring ALCL. Computed tomography (CT) showed a lytic paravertebral lesion. Subsequently, both paraspinal and scalp lesions were biopsied and immunochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of ALCL. Thus, cutaneous involvement in ALCL can resemble inflammatory and other neoplastic lesions clinically and cytologically. Hence, a high index of suspicion and ICC can aid in the correct diagnosis on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC).

Evaluation of thyroid nodules classified as Bethesda category III on FNAC.

BACKGROUND: The Bethesda (BSRTC) category III has been ascribed a malignancy rate of 5-15%, however, the probability of malignancy remains variable. AIM: To evaluate category III with respect to its rate and risk of malignancy and substratify it. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Atypia of undetermined significance/Follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) percentage, cytohistological correlation, and risk of malignancy were analyzed and substratification was done. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Category III cases over a 2-year period were analyzed retrospectively. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Two-tailed Fisher exact test, with a level of significance set at 0.05, was performed for data analysis. RESULTS: Of 1169 thyroid fine needle aspirations (FNAs), 76 (6.5%) were category III. A total of 48 patients had follow up; 24 patients underwent surgery, 12 repeat FNA, and 12 were clinically followed. Repeat FNA cytology was unsatisfactory in 8.3%, benign in 66.7%, AUS in 8.3%, and follicular neoplasm in 16.7%. Of the 24 operated, 8 (33.3%) were malignant (follicular variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma), 5 (20.8%) were follicular adenomas, and 11 (45.8%) were non-neoplastic. Among all AUS/FLUS nodules with follow-up, malignancy was confirmed in 16.7% (8/48) whereas with nodules triaged to surgery only, the malignancy rate was 33.3% (8/24). Substratification into categories of "cannot exclude PTC" and "favor benign" helped detect malignancy better, as 85.7% cases in the first subcategory (P < 0.001) and none (P < 0.02) in the last proved malignant. CONCLUSION: Though the rate of Category III in our study is in accordance to BSRTC, the risk of malignancy in AUS/FLUS nodules is higher. Substratification of AUS/FLUS may help better patient management.

Amyloid goiter: cytomorphological features and differential diagnosis on fine needle aspiration cytology: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Amyloid goiter is a rare cause of thyroid enlargement which can be confused clinically as well as cytologically with both colloid goiter and neoplastic process of thyroid. CASE: A 30-year-old man, diagnosed with chronic kidney disease 5 months previously and currently on dialysis and awaiting renal transplant, was referred by clinicians for fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) for thyroid swelling. FNAC showed dense amorphous clumps of extracellular material which appeared magenta colored on Giemsa and eosinophilic on Papanicolaou stain. Congo red staining and polarization showed characteristic apple green birefringence, thus confirming the material as amyloid, and the diagnosis of amyloid goiter was made. CONCLUSION: Amyloid on FNAC smears can be easily mistaken for colloid, and correct interpretation can avoid a false diagnosis of colloid goiter. A search should be made to look for any features suggestive of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid as amyloid is more often associated with it.

Dysplastic megakaryocytes and eosinophilic precursors in the diagnosis of myeloid sarcoma on lymph node fine-needle aspiration cytology: a case series.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the cases diagnosed as myeloid sarcoma on fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of lymph nodes. STUDY DESIGN: Ten cases of lymph node aspirate diagnosed as myeloid sarcoma were analyzed. FNAC was performed as a routine outpatient procedure in all cases. Correlation with peripheral smear, bone marrow examination, flow cytometry and cytogenetics was done wherever possible. RESULTS: Diagnosis of a hematologic malignancy, before fine-needle aspiration, was available in only 2 cases. All 10 cases showed eosinophilic precursors while five aspirates showed megakaryocytes with dysplastic forms. Of the 10 cases, 3 were diagnosed as acute myeloid leukemia, 3 as chronic myeloid leukemia, 1 case as juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, 1 case proved to be precursor T acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma and 2 patients did not show blasts on peripheral blood smear but showed blasts, dysplastic megakaryocytes and eosinophilic precursors in the aspirate. CONCLUSION: Thorough workup to search for an underlying hematological malignancy should be done whenever dysplastic megakaryocytes and/or eosinophilic precursors are seen in lymph node aspirate.

Bilateral Epstein-Barr virus-associated adrenal leiomyomas in a child without an established immunodeficiency.

Adrenal leiomyomas are rare, bilateral ones being rarer. Literature available on these rare tumors documents only 4 cases in children less than 12 years of age. Each case has been associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome or some other immunodeficiency state. Here we present a rare case of large, bilateral, adrenal leiomyomas in a child with no known immunodeficiency. An 11-year-old girl with a past history of herpes zoster (1 year before the present complaints) was admitted with abdominal pain of 2 months' duration. Radiology revealed bilateral adrenal neoplasms, probably bilateral pheochromocytoma. Histology showed bilateral adrenal leiomyomas that were Epstein-Barr virus associated. We report this case to draw attention to the occurrence of a common pathologic entity at an uncommon site in a setting of no definite known immunodeficiency.