Biocide resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae: a narrative review.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is among the World Health Organization's list of priority pathogens, notorious for its role in causing healthcare-associated infections and neonatal sepsis globally. Containment of K. pneumoniae transmission depends on the continued effectiveness of antimicrobials and of biocides used for topical antisepsis and surface disinfection. Klebsiella pneumoniae is known to disseminate antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through a large auxiliary genome made up of plasmids, transposons and integrons, enabling it to evade antimicrobial killing through the use of efflux systems and biofilm development. Because AMR mechanisms are also known to impart tolerance to biocides, AMR is frequently linked with biocide resistance (BR). However, despite extensive research on AMR, there is a gap in knowledge about BR and the extent to which AMR and BR mechanisms overlap remains debatable. The aim of this paper is to review and summarise the current knowledge on the determinants of BR in K. pneumoniae and highlight content areas that require further inquiry.

Bibliometric analysis of cancer research outputs in Botswana between 2009 and 2021.

INTRODUCTION: Cancer research is critical for cancer control policies; however, the state of cancer research activities in Botswana is largely unknown. The goal of this review was to describe trends and patterns of cancer research outputs in Botswana. METHODS: PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, African Journals Online, and African Index Medicus databases were systematically searched for peer-reviewed, primary cancer-related research articles published on the Botswana population or by Botswana institutions between January 2009 and June 2021. RESULTS: Of the 86 publications included, 39 (45 %) were about cervical cancer, followed by breast cancer (10 %) and Kaposi sarcoma (7 %). The remainder (27 %) were not focused on any specific cancer type. The research activities were skewed towards three main areas of scientific interest: early detection, diagnosis, and prognosis; cancer control, survivorship, and outcomes; and treatment. Botswana was represented by authors in the first (54 %), last (53 %), and any authorship (53 %) positions. The United States of America had the strongest collaborative partnerships with Botswana, followed by the United Kingdom and South Africa. The majority of funding institutions were American (76 %) and the National Institutes of Health was the most mentioned funding organization, accounting for 33 % of all financial acknowledgments. Only 9 % of the funding acknowledgments came from Botswana. CONCLUSION AND POLICY SUMMARY: Although cancer research in Botswana is expanding because of substantial foreign assistance, it is also hampered by a lack of local funding, minimal participation by Botswana-affiliated researchers, and research that is not aligned with disease burden. Our study highlights the need to strengthen local research capacity in Botswana.

Serum ferritin concentration is affected by ferroportin Q248H mutation in Africans.

BACKGROUND: Ferroportin Q248H mutation is common in populations with African ancestry. Studies have reported that the mutation does not alter the ferroportin-hepcidin axis, but there is evidence suggesting that the mutation may lead to hyperferritinemia. We report on the relationship of ferroportin Q248H mutation on serum ferritin (SF) in health adults. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 174 apparently healthy adults from Botswana were studied. SF was measured using an enzyme immunoassay and ferroportin Q248H mutation was identified by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme digestion. Independent sample Mann-Whitney U test was used to correlate the presence of the mutation with SF. RESULTS: Ferroportin Q248H mutation was identified in 30 individuals (17.2%) (one homozygote, 29 heterozygotes) and was absent in 144 individuals (82.8%), with Q248H allele frequency of 8.9%. In males, SF was significantly higher in ferroportin Q248H heterozygotes compared to wild types, p=0.029, but the relationship between ferroportin Q248H mutation and iron stores was blunted in females. CONCLUSION: Our study of healthy adults provides further evidence that ferroportin Q248H mutation affects SF concentration in Africans.