ABSTRACT
Ski, as an evolutionarily conserved protein, is a versatile transcriptional regulator which widely distributes in various tissues and species. Recently, we have demonstrated for the first time that Ski was strikingly up-regulated in reactive astrocytes after spinal cord injury (SCI) in vivo, which indicates that maybe Ski is a new molecule that controls astrocytes' biological properties after SCI. However, the accurate distributions and functions of Ski in astrocytes after central nervous system (CNS) injury are still unclear. Astrocytes were collected from rats' cerebral cortex. To elucidate the expression and role of Ski in reactive astrocytes, we performed an activated astrocytes model induced by LPS and scratch injury in vitro. Our results showed that Ski gradually increased and reached a peak at 4days, then declined at 6days after induction by LPS. Up-regulation of Ski was accompanied with the increase in proliferation-related proteins including PCNA, CDK4 and CyclinD1. Furthermore, immunofluorescent staining analysis also demonstrated a highly positive relationship between Ski and GFAP, PCNA in astrocytes. These results indicated that Ski might play an important role in astrocyte proliferation. To further explore the role of Ski, astrocytes were transfected with Ski-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). We found that the primary activated astrocytes' proliferation decreased significantly after transfection with Ski-specific siRNA. Surprisingly, Ski knockdown also weakened the primary astrocyte migration. Based on the above, we could conclude that Ski might play a crucial role in astrocyte proliferation and migration. This discovery might contribute to a promising therapeutic intervention in CNS injury.
Subject(s)
Astrocytes/metabolism , Cell Movement/physiology , Cell Proliferation/physiology , Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism , Animals , Astrocytes/cytology , Cell Cycle/physiology , Cells, Cultured , Cerebral Cortex/cytology , Cerebral Cortex/injuries , Cerebral Cortex/metabolism , Cyclin D1/metabolism , Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/metabolism , Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism , Lipopolysaccharides , Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics , RNA, Small Interfering , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Wound Healing/physiologyABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the characteristics of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) patients with tinnitus.Method:Two-hundred and seventy two SSHL patients with tinnitus underwent evalution through Tinnitus Handicap Inventory(THI) and Tinnitus Questionnaire(TQ).Demographic data and tinnitus characteristics were analyzed.Result:In 272 patients,41.6% of patients suffered from low frequency tinnitus,2.0% with medium frequency tinnitus,56.4% with high frequency tinnitus.There were 79% patients whose tinnitus were continous,while 21% were intermittent;From the view point of daily life compromising,37.4% were minor,44.8% were moderate,17.8% were serious.The most important factors that deteriorate tinnitus were bad sleep,noise,life pressure and tiredness.Conclusion:There were individual differences among patients with sudden deafness and tinnitus.Enough evaluation should be made to decrease the infection of tinnitus.
