Knowledge and management of WEEE by independent repairers in the city of Bouake in a context of health and environmental risk, 2022

Studies on waste management in Côte d'Ivoire are mostly focused on household and solid waste. It is appropriate to take a sustained look at the management of electrical and electronic equipment waste to better guide policies in this area. This work is a cross-sectional study covering the period from April 1, 2022 to June 30, 2022. The aim was to determine the knowledge and practices of the independent electrical and electronic repairers of the city of Bouaké in terms of electrical and electronic equipment waste (WEEE) management. A comprehensive sample of 307 people was interviewed by means of a questionnaire. The repairers interviewed had already heard of WEEE in 47.2% of cases. They had a good level of knowledge of WEEE in 85.5% of cases. In the final model in multivariate analysis, only the possession of a radio set at home had a significant influence on knowledge of WEEE. Repairers were unaware of the existence of D3E management legislation in 60.7% of cases; apart from humans (84.8%) who were most exposed to the dangers of inappropriate management of WEEE, other entities (air, soil, water, animals) would be polluted according to 36.6, 35.2, 4.1, and 3.4% of repairers, respectively. The most feared type of harm reported is injury (95.65%). Subjects dumped WEEE in a municipal landfill in 32.4% of cases. Sale, empowerment of pre-collection agents, and handing over to a recycling professional, cumulatively represent the most common practice (66.9%).

Knowledge and attitudes of health workers in bouake, Cote d'ivoire on zika virus disease in the context of a global epidemic

Since January, 2012, the Pacific region has faced a heavy burden of concurrent epidemics of dengue, chikungunya, and zika virus infections. In 2016, WHO developed a global response strategic framework to ensure that zika virus is a priority and accelerated area of public health research. This study conducted in Bouaké (Côte d'Ivoire) is part of this framework. The main objective was to assess the knowledge and attitudes of health workers working there on the zika virus disease in order to consider a better preparation and response to a possible epidemic in Côte d'Ivoire. Cross-sectional study covering the period from October 2016 to March 2017 was used here. The sampling was comprehensive and included interviews with 258 persons. Subjects were interviewed using a questionnaire edited and adapted from the CAP questionnaire developed by WHO in 2016. People with prior knowledge of the zika virus disease represented 66.3% of the health workers surveyed. Their level of knowledge was insufficient in 83.5% of cases. Their attitudes were good in 51.5% of cases. In the authors' final model, the exercise structure which was adjusted to the level of education and the corporation significantly influenced health workers' attitudes toward illness. Health workers in public settings appeared to have a better attitude compared to their private colleagues (adjusted OR = 4.88; CI: 2.37-10.03; p-value:0.000). The zika virus disease has attracted the attention of the medical community during the 2014-2016 period. This attention, while mitigated by the West African Ebola virus epidemic, deserves to be highlighted.

Identification of hazards and critical control points during attiéké (a fermented cassava product) process in Côte d'Ivoire.

Attiéké is the major fermented plant food in Côte d'Ivoire. The aim of this study was to identify hazards and critical control points (CCP) in order to implement a HACCP system for the production of attiéké. Physico-chemical and microbiological analyses were carried out. pH of the cossettes used as raw material for attieke process was slightly acidic (6·5 ± 0·23). But attiéké produced had an acid pH (4·55 ± 0·67). The very high amount of hydrocyanic acid in cassava roots (116 ± 9·42 mg kg-1 ) was reduced to a lower value (3·4 ± 0·14 mg kg-1 ) in attiéké. It was less than the Codex Alimentarus recommended dose (10 mg kg-1 ). Microbiological analysis of the samples revealed the presence of coliforms, bacillus, Staphylococcus aureus and moulds in the intermediate products, the packaged attieke, the utensils, environment and ingredients. During the fermentation and pressing stage, the coliforms disappeared and the loads of Bacillus cereus, S. aureus and moulds were reduced. Cooking eliminated all micro-organisms except B. cereus (spores) whose load was reduced to a value of (1·1 ± 0·4)102  CFU per gram. All these micro-organisms reappeared in attiéké just after packaging. The load of micro-organisms in the packaged attiéké was lower than the Codinorm standard, CCP were cassava roots, the crushing, fermentation, and drying, cooking and packaging stage. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study demonstrates the great need to carry out microbiological tests frequently on attieke and even more the need to apply correct HACCP system during the production. This study will make it possible to minimize the problems encountered by women producers of attiéké, ensure consumer safety, face competition from imported starch products (wheat, rice, etc.), contribute to the opening of a small and medium-scale industrialization path for the production of attiéké and strengthen standardization on attiéké to facilitate its export.

[Epidemioclinical and Therapeutic Study of Condylomas (Genital Warts) in Dermato-Venereology Department (CHU Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, 2013-2016)]. / Étude épidémioclinique et thérapeutique des condylomes vénériens dans un service de dermatovénéréologie (CHU Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, 2013-2016).

We have conducted a retrospective study in the dermatology department of the CHU Treichville in Abidjan during 4 years. Three hundred and fifty cases of venereal warts were recorded with a hospital frequency of 1.5%, an average age of 29.37, a female predominance (51.3%), and a sex ratio (M/F) of 0.94. We have observed a giant condyloma in 0.9%, a main localization to the vulva (47.7%) and male genitalia (34.6%); HIV testing carried out in 60.8% of patients was positive in 80.7% of cases, all HIV1. Electrocoagulation was the mean treatment (93.1%), followed by cryotherapy (15 cases), chemotherapy (6 cases), and surgery (3 cases). Recurrences were reported in 9 cases (2.6%) of which more than half has occurred within a month.

Nous avons réalisé une étude rétrospective au sein du service de dermatologie du CHU de Treichville d'Abidjan pendant quatre ans. Trois cent cinquante cas de condylomes vénériens ont été recensés (1,5 % des hospitalisations en dermatologie) ; une moyenne d'âge de 29,37 ans ; une prédominance féminine (51,3 %) et un sexe-ratio (H/F) de 0,94. Nous avons observé un condylome géant dans 0,9 %, une localisation à la vulve (47,7 %) et aux organes génitaux externes masculins (34,6 %). Le dépistage du VIH-1, réalisé dans 60,8 % des cas, s'est avéré positif dans 80,7 % des cas, toujours avec VIH-1. L'électrocoagulation a été le traitement de choix (93,1 %), suivie de la cryothérapie (15 cas), la chimiothérapie (6 cas) et la chirurgie (3 cas). Des récidives ont été relevées dans neuf cas (2,6 %), dont plus de la moitié avant un mois.

La désinfection des empreintes dentaires au laboratoire de prothèse : évaluation de la pratique des prothésistes dentaires ivoiriens

Le prothésiste dentaire est exposé à un risque élevé de transmission infectieuse par la manipulation des empreintes dentaires souillées par la salive et le sang. En effet, lors d'une prise d'empreinte au cabinet dentaire, le matériau entre en contact direct avec les mucosités et sérosités de la cavité buccale, abritant de nombreux germes. Ainsi la décontamination des empreintes, pour prévenir la contamination croisée. Cette étude a eu pour objectif d'évaluer les attitudes et pratiques des prothésistes dentaires dans la ville d'Abidjan, en matière de décontamination des empreintes. Il s'agit d'une étude transversale descriptive qui s'est déroulée sur une période de trois (03) mois. Elle a concerné 35 prothésistes dentaires exerçant tant dans les secteurs privés et publics. Plus de 97% des prothésistes dentaires interrogés, sont conscients de l'existence du risque infectieux liés aux empreintes dentaires. Aucune des empreintes reçues par les prothésistes, n'était accompagnée de fiche mentionnant son état de décontamination. 85,71% des prothésistes, affirment rincer systématiquement toutes les empreintes dès leur réception et près de 32% ne les décontaminent pas

Causes of death in the Taabo health and demographic surveillance system, Côte d'Ivoire, from 2009 to 2011.

BACKGROUND: Current vital statistics from governmental institutions in Côte d'Ivoire are incomplete. This problem is particularly notable for remote rural areas that have limited access to the health system. OBJECTIVE: To record all deaths from 2009 to 2011 and to identify the leading causes of death in the Taabo health and demographic surveillance system (HDSS) in south-central Côte d'Ivoire. DESIGN: Deaths recorded in the first 3 years of operation of the Taabo HDSS were investigated by verbal autopsy (VA), using the InterVA-4 model. InterVA-4 is based on the World Health Organization 2012 VA tool in terms of input indicators and categories of causes of death. RESULTS: Overall, 948 deaths were recorded, of which 236 (24.9%) had incomplete VA data. Among the 712 deaths analyzed, communicable diseases represented the leading causes (58.9%), with most deaths attributed to malaria (n=129), acute respiratory tract infections (n=110), HIV/AIDS (n=80), and pulmonary tuberculosis (n=46). Non-communicable diseases accounted for 18.9% of the deaths and included mainly acute abdomen (n=38), unspecified cardiac diseases (n=15), and digestive neoplasms (n=13). Maternal and neonatal conditions accounted for 8.3% of deaths, primarily pneumonia (n=19) and birth asphyxia (n=16) in newborns. Among the 3.8% of deaths linked to trauma and injury, the main causes were assault (n=6), accidental drowning (n=4), contact with venomous plants/animals (n=4), and traffic-related accidents (n=4). No clear causes were determined in 10.0% of the analyzed deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Communicable diseases remain the predominant cause of death in rural Côte d'Ivoire. Based on these findings, measures are now being implemented in the Taabo HDSS. It will be interesting to monitor patterns of mortality and causes of death in the face of rapid demographic and epidemiological transitions in this part of West Africa.

[Gingival displacement techniques in daily practice. Survey among dental surgeons in Abidjan, Ivory Coast]. / Réalisation des techniques d'ouverture sulculaire en pratique quotidienne. Enquête faite auprès des chirurgiens-dentistes d'Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.

INTRODUCTION: Access to cervical margins allows the practitioner to record the entire cervical margin in order to provide a true copy to the technician. This requires a gingival displacement obtainable by different techniques. This study aimed to assess the implementation of gingival displacement methods prior to impression taking in fixed prosthodontics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a descriptive and cross-sectional survey of sample of 71 dentists practising in Abidjan, Ivory Coast; which ran from October 2nd, 2010 to November 14th, 2010. A survey form was administered to dentists. The questionnaire was organised around the following headings: identification of dentists and practice of gingival displacement methods. The data processing done using software Epi Info 6 and Excel XP on Window XP, allowed calculation of frequencies, means and proportions and the establishment of connection between variables with the chi2 test. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: The results of the survey indicate that non-surgical methods of gingival displacement, including retraction cords and temporary crowns are those they use most frequently (76.4%) because the vast majority of practitioners (87.22%) believe the most traumatic to the periodontium are surgical methods. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that the gingival displacement methods are frequently carried out in daily practice, regardless of the topography of the abutment teeth and their number, but with a preference for non-surgical methods, particularly those using retraction cords and temporary crowns. The use of injectable gingival displacement paste is not harmful to the periodontal tissues, easy to use and have a very efficient haemostatic action. It should also be known and practiced.

Non-puerperal uterine inversion in a young woman: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Uterine inversion is an uncommon complication in the non-puerperal period. Submucosal myoma is more frequently involved usually among women above 45 years old. CASE PRESENTATION: A 28 year-old patient was admitted to the gynaecology emergency room in Cocody Teaching Hospital, Abidjan, Cote D'Ivoire with a large lobulated fleshy mass in the vulval area. She had been having pelvic pain, heaviness in the pelvis and bleeding per vaginam intermittently for 6 months for which she had been treated conservatively without improvement. The clinical examination was consistent with uterine inversion secondary to a mass in the fundus of the uterus. The uterus with the mass in the fundus was excised by a combined vaginal and abdominal (abdominal hysterectomy) approach. Histopathology confirmed the mass to be a sub-mucosal uterine leiomyoma. She has been followed up for 12 months without complaints. CONCLUSION: We have presented a young woman with an unusual non-puerperal, total and chronic uterine inversion as a result of uterine leiomyoma managed successfully by a combined abdominal and vaginal approach.

[Effects of war on control of tuberculosis in Côte d'Ivoire from 2002 to 2007]. / Effets de la guerre sur le contrôle de la tuberculose en Côte d'Ivoire de 2002 à 2007.

OBJECTIVES: To specify consequences of armed conflict in Côte d'Ivoire from 2002 to 2007 on treatment outcomes of new cases of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB+) and retreatment cases. METHODOLOGY: Retrospective analysis of treatment outcomes and reprocessing notified to the National Program against Tuberculosis from 2001 to 2008. RESULTS: Totally, 7,4232 cases of TPM+ and 5094 cases of reprocessing had been declared during the war period in Côte d'Ivoire. The global average rate of therapeutic success was 72% with a lower average rate of success in retreatment in Center, Northern et Western (CNO) zone (54%) than in Southern zone (73%). The average rate of lost sight was higher in CNO zone than in the South with respectively 27% and 11%. The average rate of success in retreatment was 60% on the national level with a lower rate in CNO zone (48%) than in the South zone (62%) and the average rate of lost sight in retreatment was higher in CNO zone than in the South zone (28% versus 16%). CONCLUSION: Our results show that there was no early epidemic of tuberculosis during the armed conflict in Côte d'Ivoire which has although severely disrupted activities of tuberculosis management in ex-nongovernmental zone.

Postprocessing microflora of commercial attieke (a fermented cassava product) produced in the south of Côte d'Ivoire.

UNLABELLED: The distribution and presence of hygiene indicator and pathogenic micro-organisms in 375 samples of attieke marketed in Côte d'Ivoire, and their roles in the food poisoning were evaluated. Microbiological analyses were carried out, which included the total viable bacteria, coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Bacillus spores, fungi and Clostridium perfringens. The results revealed that the viable bacteria counts ranged from 2·2 ± 1·2 × 10(5) to 3·4 ± 1·4 × 10(6) CFU g(-1), while the yeasts and the moulds counts ranged, respectively, from 2·4 ± 0·12 × 10(4) to 9·8 ± 0·4 × 10(5) CFU g(-1) and 1·3 ± 0·7 × 10(1) to 1·7 ± 0·7 × 10(2) CFU g(-1). Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter freundi, Enterobacter amnigenus, Citrobacter youngae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter agglomerans and Klebsiella oxytoca were the bacteria isolated, and Rhizopus spp., Mucor spp., Thamnidium spp., Fusarium spp., Moniliella spp. the fungi. Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens and Salmonella spp. were not found. The occurrence of some bacteria and fungi illustrate that attieke collected in Côte d'Ivoire markets may act as a reservoir of pathogenic micro-organisms for human. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY: This study demonstrates the great need to carry out microbiological tests frequently on attieke and even more the need to apply correct HACCP system during the production. Attieke is especially a well-known product in West Africa; hence, it is extremely important to ensure an adequate microbiological quality to guarantee consumers health. Overall, the study highlighted the need for effective communication on microbiological food risks, proper instruction and supervision in food-handling procedures, greater education on food safety risks.

Severe skin forms of psoriasis in black africans: epidemiological, clinical, and histological aspects related to 56 cases.

Bacground. Psoriasis is an erythematosquamous dermatosis of chronic development. In sub-Saharan Africa, few studies have been focused on complicated forms of psoriasis. Objective. The aim is to describe epidemiological, clinical, and histological features of severe skin forms of psoriasis in Cote d'Ivoire. Material and Methods. The study was both cross-sectional and descriptive, that focused on patient admitted to the dermatology unit for complicated psoriasis, from January 1st, 1986, to December 31th, 2007. Results. Fifty-six patients admitted to hospital for severe skin forms of psoriasis were recorded and included in our study over 7.503 patients hospitalized during the study period. They represented 0.75% of cases. The average age was 39.6 ± 3.3 years. There were 49 male (87.5%) and 7 female patients (12.5%) with a sex ratio of 7. At socioprofessional level, 48 patients (87.5%) were from category 1. Patients' history was dominated by the psoriasis vulgaris. Physical and general signs were dominated by itching (58.9%). The three severe skin forms were observed with predominant erythrodermic psoriasis (60.7%). Fifteen patients (34.9%) were HIV positive. Conclusion. Severe skin forms of psoriasis are rare in our setting. But in the quarter of HIV-positive patients, they are dominated by the erythrodermic psoriasis.

Leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata and pregnancy: a case report.

Leimyomatosis peritonealis disseminata (LPD) is a benign tumor of smooth muscle tissue. It is rare and is characterized by the development of multiple peritoneal nodules mimicking peritoneal carcinomatosis. We report a case of LPD diagnosed in a 35-year-old patient, G4/P1, without any major gynecological history. The patient underwent an elective cesarean section at 42 weeks, during which numerous peritoneal nodules ranging in size from 0.1 to 0.5 cm were found. Microscopic examination showed a proliferation of smooth-muscle cells without mitosis or atypia or necrosis.

Endometrial osseous metaplasia and infertility: a case report.

Endometrial osseous metaplasia is a rare clinical entity. It causes infertility and occurs in more than 80% of cases after an abortion. Various theories have been proposed and the most accepted theory is metaplasia of the stromal cells into osteoblastic cells that produce bone. This disease may be misdiagnosed. However once diagnosed, the complete removal of bone spicules by hysteroscopy allows, in most cases, fertility to be restored. We present the case of a 36-year-old patient nulliparous with a history of abortion for eight years who consulted May 5, 2008 to become pregnant. Detailed examination showed chronic endometritis with bone metaplasia as a possible cause of her infertility. Seven months after complete removal of bone fragments by hysteroscopy, the patient had a spontaneous pregnancy with normal development. She gave birth to a male infant weighing 3,000 g with an Apgar score of 9 at 1 and 5 min. Delivery and postpartum were normal.

[Spontaneous splenic rupture in the first trimester of pregnancy: report of a case and review of the literature]. / Rupture spontanee de la rate au 1er trimestre de la grossesse: a propos d'un cas et revue de la litterature.

The authors return a case of spontaneous rupture of the spleen occured at the first quater of pregnancy. It is a rare accident during pregnancy that often entails the maternal death. Its exact reasons are difficult to determine. Among the reasons of the hemoperitoines at the firt quarter it is necessary to know how to think about the rupture of the spleen. Its diagnosis is unsuspected. The hold in charge surgical fast in our case permitted the pursuit of pregnancy.

Rupture spontanee de la rate au 1er trimestre de la grossesse : a propos d'un cas et revue de la litterature

Les auteurs rapportent un cas de rupture spontanee de la rate au premier trimestre de la grossesse. C'est un accident rare au cours de la grossesse qui entraine le deces maternel. Ses causes exactes sont difficiles a determiner. Son diagnostic est insoupconne. La prise en charge chirurgicale rapide dans notre cas a permis la poursuite de la grossesse. Parmi les causes des hemoperitoines au premier trimestre il faut savoir penser a la rupture de la rate

[Appendicitis and pregnancy: 21 cases]. / Appendicite aiguë et grossesse. A propos de 21 cas.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the epidemiological, diagnostic and therapeutic features of acute appendicitis in pregnant women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of a series of 21 cases of appendicitis in pregnant women who underwent surgery between January 1997 and June 2001. RESULTS: The association of acute appendicitis with pregnancy was noted in 0.2% of the pregnant women. Ten patients were in the first trimester of pregnancy, ten in the second and one in the third. Abdominal pain was noted in all patients. The localization varied with gestational age. Abdominal ultrasound contributed to the diagnosis in twenty patients who underwent the examination. Diagnoses retained were: acute uncomplicated appendicitis (n=18), acute appendicitis with focal induration (n=1) and acute diffuse peritonitis (n=2). Appendectomy was performed in all cases. Intensive care, peritoneal cleaning and drainage were associated in cases with appendicitis. In cases with focal induration, medical treatment was followed by appendectomy performed after delivery. Tocolysis was instituted in all cases. Twelve pregnancies continued to delivery: one fetal death, one premature delivery and ten term deliveries of live infants. CONCLUSION: Pregnancy makes it difficult to confirm the diagnosis of appendicitis. Appendectomy should be performed in patients presenting a highly suggestive clinical and ultrasonographic picture, preferably by laparoscopy in order to avoid more severe complications which could be life-threatening for the mother or infant.

Delai d'attente et satisfaction des patients en consultation externe de PPH du CHU de COCODY

"Il s'agit d'une etude prospective par questionnaire anonyme auto administree qui s'est deroulee sur une periode d'un mois 15 jours; allant du 29 mai 2003 au 10 juillet 2003;Elle a concerne 200 patients venus en consultation externe au PPH du CHU de Cocody; recrutes de facon successive.L'objectif etait de mettre en evidence d'eventuels ecarts entre les attentes des patients et le niveau reellement mesure; pour l'aspect delai d'attente de la satisfaction de l'ensemble des usagers en consultation externe au CHU de Cocody.Au terme de cette etude; nos principaux resultats ont montre- au plan socio-demographique:*une predominance feminine (50;5pour cent); un sex-ratio de 0;98*une moyenne d'age de 38 ans*un taux de patients non scolarises de 26;5pour cent- des niveaux de satisfaction pour l'aspect delai d'attente generalement bas (29;5pour cent) et qui sont influences par certains facteurs notamment le type de malade; le jour de consultation et l'age.Il reste que ces degres de satisfaction bas necessitent certaines ameliorations a apporter a certains niveaux de prise en charge; facturation; accueil du bureau des entrees; reception PPH; salle d'attente du medecin.Dans ce processus de demarche de qualite toujours plus exigeant; la methode d'evaluation de la ""satisfaction des patients"" devrait etre developpee et imposee a l'ensemble des etablissements.Cet outil de qualite leur permettrait ainsi de s'engager dans les procedures d'accreditation."