ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Eating disorders during pregnancy can affect fetal growth and the child's early development, but the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate serum biomarkers of nutrition and stress in pregnant women with previous eating disorders compared to controls and in relation to head circumference and early neurocognitive development of the offspring. METHODS: In a longitudinal cohort study, pregnant nulliparous non-smoking women with a history of anorexia nervosa (n = 20), bulimia nervosa (n = 17) and controls (n = 59) were followed during pregnancy and their children's growth and neurocognitive development were followed up to five years of age. We investigated maternal serum biomarkers of nutrition and stress (ferritin, cortisol, thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, insulin, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF binding protein 1) in blood samples collected during early pregnancy and compared between groups (ANOVA, LSD post-hoc test). The results were related to previous data on head circumference at birth and neurocognitive development at five years of age of the offspring (Spearman rank correlation or Pearson correlation test). RESULTS: Serum levels of ferritin in the women with previous anorexia nervosa, but not in those with a history of bulimia nervosa, were significantly lower than in the controls (p < 0.01), and correlated strongly to impaired memory function in their children (rs = -0.70, p < 0.001). Maternal serum levels of free thyroxine were similar between groups but correlated positively to reduced head circumference at birth of the children in the bulimia nervosa group (r = 0.48, p < 0.05), and with the same tendency in the anorexia nervosa group (r = 0.42, p = 0.07), but not in the controls (r = 0.006). There were no significant differences in cortisol or the other biomarkers between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Low maternal serum ferritin in women with previous anorexia nervosa may be of importance for impaired memory capacity in the offspring at five years of age. Our results also indicate that thyroxin levels in pregnant women with previous eating disorders are positively associated with fetal head growth.
Subject(s)
Cephalometry , Feeding and Eating Disorders/complications , Infant, Newborn, Diseases/physiopathology , Neurocognitive Disorders/physiopathology , Nutritional Status , Pregnancy Complications/blood , Stress, Psychological/blood , Adult , Anorexia Nervosa/complications , Biomarkers/blood , Bulimia Nervosa/complications , Feeding and Eating Disorders/blood , Female , Ferritins/blood , Humans , Hydrocortisone/blood , Infant, Newborn , Longitudinal Studies , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications/psychology , Pregnant Women/psychology , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Thyroxine/bloodABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study early adaptation to motherhood in mothers with eating disorders (ED) before pregnancy. METHOD: Forty-four nulliparous nonsmoking women with ED before pregnancy (24 anorexia nervosa, 20 bulimia nervosa) and 67 controls were recruited from the same prenatal clinics. Three months after delivery, the women completed the maternal adjustment and maternal attitude questionnaire (MAMA) and were asked about mental health problems postpartum. RESULTS: Ninety-two percent of mothers with ED before pregnancy reported problems regarding their maternal adjustment compared to 13% in the control group (p < 0.001), whereas there were no differences between the subgroups of ED and between those with and without verified relapse of ED during pregnancy. Fifty percent of mothers with previous ED reported that they had been in contact with health services after delivery because of depression or other mental problems and these women had significantly higher MAMA score than patients not reporting such contact with health services (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Adjustment to motherhood was clearly impaired and related to mental problems in mothers with ED before pregnancy.
Subject(s)
Adaptation, Psychological , Anorexia Nervosa/psychology , Bulimia Nervosa/psychology , Depression, Postpartum/psychology , Mothers/psychology , Adult , Anorexia Nervosa/diagnosis , Body Image , Body Mass Index , Bulimia Nervosa/diagnosis , Depression, Postpartum/diagnosis , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Infant , Maternal Behavior , Pregnancy , Risk Factors , SwedenABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: This study was initiated to examine pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in women with past or current eating disorders as compared with a control group. METHODS: Forty-nine nulliparous nonsmoking women previously diagnosed with eating disorders (24 anorexia nervosa, 20 bulimia nervosa, 5 eating disorders not otherwise specified) and 68 controls were recruited in early pregnancy. Data on antenatal complications, mode of delivery, and neonatal outcome variables were collected. For comparisons between groups 1-way analysis of variance or chi(2) test was used. RESULTS: Twenty-two percent of the patients had a verified relapse in eating disorders during pregnancy. Women with past or current eating disorders were at increased risk of hyperemesis (P < .01) and delivered infants with significantly lower birth weight (P < .01) and smaller head circumference (P < .001) as compared with controls. They were also at greater risk of delivering infants with microcephaly (P < .05) and small for gestational age infants (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Pregnant women with past or active eating disorders seem to be at greater risk for delivering infants with lower birth weight, smaller head circumference, microcephaly, and small for gestational age. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II-2.
