ABSTRACT
Several explanations have been suggested concerning the variety in bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine efficacy on strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). This study aimed to compare the effect of BCG vaccination history in the prevention of the occurrence of Mtb-Beijing and non-Beijing strains. In this cross-sectional study, 64 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) were recruited from the Iranian border provinces (North West and West). Isolates were subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, using the insertion sequence IS6110 as a probe (IS6110 RFLP) and drug susceptibility testing using the proportion method. Samples were analyzed with Gel Compare II 6.6 and spss version 18. The mean age [standard deviation (SD)] of the patients was 54·4 (SD = 17·0). Overall, 49 cases (76·56%) had no BCG vaccination scar. The prevalence of Beijing strains was 9·38% and drug resistance proportion among the isolates was 14·1% (nine cases). There was a significant relationship between Beijing strains and tuberculosis (TB)-drug resistance in isolates (χ2 = 26·29, P < 0·001). There was also a strong association between vaccination history and Beijing strains (χ2 = 13·23, P = 0·002). Also, a statistical relationship was observed between Beijing strains and drug-resistant TB among patients with a history of vaccination (χ2 = 7·47, P = 0·002). This association was not maintained in the unvaccinated group (P = 0·102). These findings confirm the claim that the vaccine has different effects on different subspecies of tuberculosis. The cause of the high probability of drug resistance in patients with Beijing-TB and vaccination history requires further investigation with a higher sample size.
Subject(s)
BCG Vaccine/immunology , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/immunology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/immunology , Female , Genotype , Humans , Iran , Male , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods , Middle Aged , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length/immunology , Vaccination/methodsABSTRACT
Research suggests a relatively sizable rate of unintended pregnancies in some subgroups of Iranian women, but there is no concise, standard scale to measure the pregnancy intention of Iranian women. Therefore, the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy (LMUP) were investigated. The Persian version of the LMUP was tested on randomly selected married women aged 15-49 years in the city of Ajabshir, East Azerbaijan province, north-west of Islamic Republic of Iran. The scale's face validity and internal consistency was examined and its construct validity was tested by exploratory factor analysis. The internal consistency of the scale was acceptable (Cronbach alpha coefficient 0.87). Structural indicators of the Kaiser-Meyer- Olkin measure (0.85) and Bartlett test of sphericity (P < 0.001) verified interpretability of the exploratory factor analysis output. Applicability of the Persian version of the LMUP is accepted. Further investigation is needed to understand cultural norms that might influence Iranian women's responses to queries about pregnancy intentions.
Subject(s)
Postpartum Period , Pregnancy, Unplanned , Surveys and Questionnaires , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Iran , Middle Aged , Pregnancy , PsychometricsABSTRACT
Research suggests a relatively sizable rate of unintended pregnancies in some subgroups of Iranian women,but there is no concise, standard scale to measure the pregnancy intention of Iranian women. Therefore,the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy [LMUP] were investigated. The Persian version of the LMUP was tested on randomly selected married women aged 15-49 years in the city of Ajabshir, East Azerbaijan province, north-west of Islamic Republic of Iran. The scale's face validity and internal consistency was examined and its construct validity was tested by exploratory factor analysis. The internal consistency of the scale was acceptable [Cronbach alpha coefficient 0.87]. Structural indicators of the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure [0.85] and Bartlett test of sphericity [P < 0.001] verified interpretability of the exploratory factor analysis output. Applicability of the Persian version of the LMUP is accepted. Further investigation is needed to understand cultural norms that might influence Iranian women's responses to queries about pregnancy intentions
Les travaux de recherche suggèrent que le taux de grossesses non désirées dans certains sous-groupes de femmes iraniennes est relativement important.Toutefois, il n'existe pas d'échelle concise et normalisée de mesure de l'intention de grossesse chez les femmes iraniennes. Par conséquent, les propriétés psychométriques de la version en langue perse de l'échelle London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy ont été étudiées. La version en langue perse de l'échelle a été testée auprès de femmes mariées âgées de 15 à 49 ans et sélectionnées aléatoirement dans la ville d'Ajabshir, dans la province de l'Azerbaïdjan oriental, au nord-ouest de la République islamique d'Iran. La validité apparente de l'échelle et sa cohérence interne ont été examinées. Sa validité conceptuelle a été testée par une analyse des facteurs exploratoires. La cohérence interne de l'échelle était acceptable [coefficient alpha de Cronbach : 0,87]. Des indicateurs structuraux de la mesure de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin [0,85] et le test de sphéricité de Bartlett [P < 0,001] ont permis de vérifier l'interprétabilité du résultat de l'analyse factorielle exploratoire. L'applicabilité de la version en langue perse de l'échelle a été acceptée. Des recherches supplémentaires sont requises pour comprendre les normes culturelles qui pourraient influer sur les réponses des femmes iraniennes aux questions sur l'intention de grossesse
Subject(s)
Pregnancy, Unplanned , Postpartum Period , Pregnancy, UnwantedABSTRACT
After a successful programme to prevent iodine deficiency disorders in the Islamic Republic of Iran in the 1990s and early 2000s, evidence emerged that urine iodine levels in the population were falling. This paper reviews efforts to monitor and enforce the iodization of salt production and shows the resulting improvements in iodization levels of factory table Salt and in urine iodine concentrations of primary-school children in East Azerbaijan province. Reaching targets for elimination of iodine deficiency disorders requires efficient monitoring of the population's iodine levels combined with monitoring of the iodine content of table salt and enforcement of iodization regulations.
Subject(s)
Deficiency Diseases/prevention & control , Government Programs/organization & administration , Iodine/deficiency , National Health Programs/organization & administration , Sodium Chloride, Dietary/therapeutic use , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Deficiency Diseases/diagnosis , Deficiency Diseases/epidemiology , Deficiency Diseases/urine , Food Inspection/legislation & jurisprudence , Food Inspection/methods , Food, Fortified/analysis , Humans , Iodine/analysis , Iodine/therapeutic use , Iodine/urine , Iran/epidemiology , Nutrition Policy/legislation & jurisprudence , Population Surveillance , Program Evaluation , Residence Characteristics , Severity of Illness Index , Sodium Chloride, Dietary/analysis , Students/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
In 2001 a visceral leishmaniasis (VL) surveillance system was set up for children aged < or = 12 years in the primary health system in Meshkin-Shahr district of Ardebil province, north-western Islamic Republic of Iran. All cases with clinical signs and symptoms of VL and positive by the direct agglutination test were referred for physical examination and treatment. The mean annual incidence of VL decreased significantly from 1.88 before (1985-2000) to 0.77 per 1000 child population after the intervention (2001-07). In a control area with no surveillance, it increased from 0.11 to 0.23 per 1000. Early detection of VL using practical serological tests and timely treatment of cases could decrease the mortality and morbidity rates of VL in endemic areas.
Subject(s)
Child Health Services/organization & administration , Leishmaniasis, Visceral , Population Surveillance/methods , Primary Health Care/organization & administration , Referral and Consultation/organization & administration , Agglutination Tests , Chi-Square Distribution , Child , Disease Notification/methods , Endemic Diseases/prevention & control , Endemic Diseases/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Incidence , Iran/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/drug therapy , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Longitudinal Studies , Mass Screening/organization & administration , Program EvaluationABSTRACT
In 2001 a visceral leishmaniasis (VL) surveillance system was set up for children aged ≤ 12 years inthe primary health system in Meshkin-Shahr district of Ardebil province, north-western Islamic Republic ofIran. All cases with clinical signs and symptoms of VL and positive by the direct agglutination test were referredfor physical examination and treatment. The mean annual incidence of VL decreased significantly from 1.88before (1985–2000) to 0.77 per 1000 child population after the intervention (2001–07). In a control area with nosurveillance, it increased from 0.11 to 0.23 per 1000. Early detection of VL using practical serological tests andtimely treatment of cases could decrease the mortality and morbidity rates of VL in endemic areas
En 2001, un système de surveillance de la leishmaniose viscérale a été mis en place pour les enfants âgésde 0 à 12 ans dans le système de santé primaire du district de Meshkin-Shahr, province d’Ardebil, nord-ouest dela République islamique d’Iran. Tous les cas présentant des signes cliniques et des symptômes de leishmanioseviscérale ainsi qu’une réaction positive au test d’agglutination directe étaient orientés en vue d’un examen physiqueet d’un traitement. L’incidence annuelle moyenne de la leishmaniose viscérale a nettement diminué, passant de1,88 avant l’intervention (1985-2000) à 0,77 pour 1 000 enfants après l’intervention (2001-2006). Elle a augmentédans une zone témoin sans surveillance, passant de 0,11 à 0,23 pour 1 000 enfants. Un dépistage précoce dela leishmaniose viscérale à l’aide de tests sérologiques pratiques et une prise en charge rapide des cas permettraientde réduire les taux de mortalité et de morbidité de la leishmaniose viscérale dans les zones endémiques
Subject(s)
Population Surveillance , Incidence , Leishmaniasis, Visceral , Primary Health CareABSTRACT
After a successful programme to prevent iodine deficiency disorders in the Islamic Republic of Iran in the 1990s and early 2000s, evidence emerged that urine iodine levels in the population were falling. This paper reviews efforts to monitor and enforce the iodization of salt production and shows the resulting improvements in iodization levels of factory- table salt and in urine iodine concentrations of primary-school children in East Azerbaijan province. Reaching targets for elimination of iodine deficiency disorders requires efficient monitoring of the population's iodine levels combined with monitoring of the iodine content of table salt and enforcement of iodization regulations
