Renal vascular Doppler ultrasonographic indices and carotid artery intima-media thickness in diabetic nephropathy.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes is one of the common causes of renal insufficiency and is responsible for about one third of cases requiring renal transplantation. Conventional sonography provides limited information regarding the severity and prognosis of disease. The present study was carried out to evaluate the renal vascular Doppler indices role in determining renal dysfunction and carotid artery atherosclerosis. METHODS: Fifty five patients with diabetic nephropathy (albuminuria more than 300mg/24 hours) were enrolled into this cross-sectional study. Renal interlobar arterioles were studied using resistive (RI) and pulsatility (PI) indices of Doppler ultrasonography, in addition to conventional kidney length and renal parenchyma thickness. Intima-media thickness of common carotid artery (CCIMT) was also assessed just before the bifurcation. Serum creatinine (sCr), urine albumin and lipid profile were measured using standard methods. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula. RESULTS: The renal interlobar arterioles' RI was positively and linearly correlated with the sCr and albuminuria levels (P<0.039 r= +0.320 and P=0.047, r= +0.287). There were negative linear correlations between eGFR and the renal interlobar arterioles' RI (P<0.001, r=-0.539) and PI (P<0.045, r= -0.328). The mean CCIMT was more than 0.7 mm in 90% of the studied patients. No correlation was found between CCIMT and renal ultrasonographic and Doppler findings. CONCLUSION: Although Doppler ultrasonographic indices of renal interlobar arteriols show the severity of renal dysfunction in patients with diabetic nephropathy, these indices do not have any advantage over the simple and cost effective biochemical parameters.

Prevalence of infertility in Tabriz in 2004.

INTRODUCTION: Our aim was to determine the prevalence of primary and secondary infertility in Tabriz population and to compare the marriage age between infertile and fertile groups. We also evaluated the rate of seeking help for treatment of infertility among the patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a survey, we evaluated the prevalence of infertility in Tabriz in 2004 using cluster random sampling. Tabriz was divided into 360 zones and from each zone, 10 couples were selected. Six interviewers filled out the questionnaires by direct reference to interviewees' homes. Overall, 3600 couples were evaluated for infertility. RESULTS: Of 3600 couples, 3183 were married for more than a year and answered the questions appropriately. Prevalence of infertility was 3.27% (2.04% as primary and 1.23% as secondary infertility). Among couples whose wives were in their reproductive age (15 to 49 years), the overall prevalence of infertility was 3.35% (2.05% as primary and 1.30% as secondary). Mean age of women at marriage was significantly higher in couples with primary infertility (20.87 +/- 5.4 versus 18.75 +/- 4.04; P < .001). Treatment seeking was 79.6% and 67.6% among patients with primary and secondary infertility, respectively. In general, 75% of the patients had referred to medical centers. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of primary infertility was almost the same as other Asian countries, but the prevalence of secondary infertility was lower than other countries. A higher marriage age was accompanied with a significant decrease in fertility of the couple. Primary infertile patients had referred to medical center slightly more often than secondary infertile patients.