Prevalence and location of coronary artery disease in anomalous aortic origin of coronary arteries.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence and location of coronary artery disease (CAD) in anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA) remain poorly documented in adults. We sought to assess the presence of CAD in proximal (or ectopic) and distal (or nonectopic) segments of AAOCA. We hypothesized that the representation of CAD may differ among the different courses of AAOCA. METHODS: The presence of CAD was analyzed on coronary angiography and/or coronary computed tomography angiography in 390 patients (median age 64 years; 73% male) with AAOCA included in the anomalous coronary arteries multicentric registry. RESULTS: AAOCA mainly involved circumflex artery (54.4%) and right coronary artery (RCA) (31.3%). All circumflex arteries had a retroaortic course; RCA mostly an interarterial course (98.4%). No CAD was found in the proximal segment of interarterial AAOCA, whereas 43.8% of retroaortic AAOCA, 28% of prepulmonic AAOCA and 20.8% subpulmonic AAOCA had CAD in their proximal segments (P < 0.001). CAD was more prevalent in proximal than in distal segments of retroaortic AAOCA (OR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.8-5.4, P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, a retroaortic course was associated with an increased prevalence of CAD in the proximal segment (adjusted OR 3.4, 95% CI: 1.3-10.7, P = 0.022). CONCLUSION: Increased prevalence of CAD was found in the proximal segment of retroaortic AAOCA compared to the proximal segments of other AAOCA, whereas no CAD was observed in the proximal segment of interarterial AAOCA. The mechanisms underlying these differences are not yet clearly identified.

Acute Coronary Syndrome in the Era of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Registry of the French Group of Acute Cardiac Care.

BACKGROUND: In this study, we aimed to report clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection who were referred for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) during the peak of the pandemic in France. METHODS: We included all consecutive patients referred for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) or non-STEMI (NSTEMI) during the first 3 weeks of April 2020 in 5 university hospitals (Paris, south, and north of France), all performing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. RESULTS: The study included 237 patients (67 ± 14 years old; 69% male), 116 (49%) with STEMI and 121 (51%) with NSTEMI. The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2-associated ACS was 11% (n = 26) and 11 patients had severe hypoxemia on presentation (mechanical ventilation or nasal oxygen > 6 L/min). Patients were comparable regarding medical history and risk factors, except a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus in SARS-CoV-2 patients (53.8% vs 25.6%; P = 0.003). In SARS-CoV-2 patients, cardiac arrest on admission was more frequent (26.9% vs 6.6%; P < 0.001). The presence of significant coronary artery disease and culprit artery occlusion in SARS-CoV-2 patients respectively, was 92% and 69.4% for those with STEMI, and 50% and 15.5% for those with NSTEMI. Percutaneous coronary intervention was performed in the same percentage of STEMI (84.6%) and NSTEMI (84.8%) patients, regardless of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but no-reflow (19.2% vs 3.3%; P < 0.001) was greater in SARS-CoV-2 patients. In-hospital death occurred in 7 SARS-CoV-2 patients (5 from cardiac cause) and was higher compared with noninfected patients (26.9% vs 6.2%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this registry, ACS in SARS-CoV-2 patients presented with high a percentage of cardiac arrest on admission, high incidence of no-reflow, and high in-hospital mortality.

CONTEXTE: Notre étude avait pour but d'établir les caractéristiques cliniques et les résultats de patients infectés ou non par le SRAS-CoV-2 qui ont été orientés en raison d'un syndrome coronarien aigu (SCA) pendant la phase aiguë de la pandémie en France. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Nous avons inclus dans l'étude tous les patients consécutifs qui ont présenté un infarctus du myocarde avec sus-décalage du segment ST (STEMI) ou sans sus-décalage du segment ST (NSTEMI) au cours des 3 premières semaines d'avril 2020 et qui ont été orientés vers 5 hôpitaux universitaires (situés à Paris, ainsi que dans le sud et le nord de la France), tous en mesure de réaliser des interventions co-ronariennes percutanées primaires. RÉSULTATS: L'étude comprenait 237 patients (âge : 67 ± 14 ans; proportion d'hommes : 69 %); 116 (49 %) présentaient un STEMI et 121 (51 %), un NSTEMI. La prévalence d'un SCA associé à une infection par le SRAS-CoV-2 s'établissait à 11 % (n = 26), et 11 patients étaient en hypoxémie grave (nécessitant une ventilation artificielle ou l'administration d'oxygène par voie nasale à un débit de plus de 6 l/min) à leur arrivée. Les patients présentaient des antécédents médicaux et des facteurs de risque comparables, à l'exception du fait que la prévalence du diabète était plus élevée chez les patients infectés par le SRAS-CoV-2 (53,8 % vs 25,6 %; p = 0,003). Ces derniers avaient plus souvent subi un arrêt cardiaque à leur admission (26,9 % vs 6,6 %; p < 0,001). Chez les patients infectés par le SRAS-CoV-2, une coronaropathie importante et une occlusion de l'artère coupable ont été observées chez respectivement 92 % et 69,4 % des patients présentant un STEMI, et chez 50 % et 15,5 % des patients présentant un NSTEMI. Une intervention coronarienne percutanée a été effectuée dans les mêmes proportions chez les patients subissant un STEMI (84,6 %) que chez ceux présentant un NSTEMI (84,8 %), sans égard à la présence ou à l'absence d'une infection par le SRAS-CoV-2, mais les cas de non-reperfusion (no-reflow) ont été plus fréquents chez les patients infectés que chez les autres patients (19,2 % et 3,3 %, respectivement; p < 0,001). Sept patients infectés par le SRAS-CoV-2 sont morts à l'hôpital (5 de cause cardiaque), ce qui représente un taux de mortalité plus élevé que chez les patients non infectés (26,9 % vs 6,2 %; p < 0,001). CONCLUSIONS: Dans le cadre de cette étude, le SCA survenu chez les patients infectés par le SRAS-CoV-2 était associé à un fort pourcentage d'arrêt cardiaque à l'admission, à une fréquence élevée de cas de non-reperfusion et à un taux élevé de mortalité hospitalière.

Timing of aortic valve replacement in high-gradient severe aortic stenosis: impact of left ventricular ejection fraction.

BACKGROUND: Patients with high-gradient (HG) severe aortic stenosis (AS) and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction are at high risk of death. The optimal timing for aortic valve replacement (AVR) is not defined by guidelines. The objective was to define the optimal timing to perform isolated AVR in patients with HG-AS and severe LV dysfunction. METHODS: We retrospectively included 233 consecutive patients admitted for severe HG-AS (aortic valve area <1cm2 and mean gradient ≥40mmHg). Severe LV dysfunction was defined by LV ejection fraction ≤35% (LVEF). All-cause mortality while waiting for AVR and after the intervention (30 days) was compared in patients with (n = 28) and without (n = 205) LVEF ≤35%. RESULTS: Patients with HG-AS and severe LV dysfunction had a higher risk profile than those with LVEF >35%. AVR was performed in 93% (218/233) of patients, 41% by surgery (SAVR) and 53% by transcatheter (TAVR). TAVR was the preferred method to treat HG-AS patients with LVEF ≤35%. All-cause mortality while waiting for AVR was higher in patients with severe LV dysfunction (22% vs. 2.0%, p < 0.001) and occurred within a shorter time (12 [8-26] days vs. 63 [58-152] days, p = 0.010) compared to those with LVEF >35%. All death in HG-AS patients with a severe LV dysfunction occurred within the first month. Postoperative mortality was low (1.3%), irrespective of LVEF. CONCLUSIONS: AVR should be performed promptly after Heart Team decision in patients with HG severe AS and LVEF ≤35% because of a very high and premature risk of death while waiting for intervention.

Levosimendan Plus Dobutamine in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Refractory to Dobutamine.

Randomized studies showed that Dobutamine and Levosimendan have similar impact on outcome but their combination has never been assessed in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) with low cardiac output. This is a retrospective, single-center study that included 89 patients (61 ± 15 years) admitted for ADHF requiring inotropic support. The first group consisted of patients treated with dobutamine alone (n = 42). In the second group, levosimendan was administered on top of dobutamine, when the superior vena cava oxygen saturation (ScVO2) remained <60% after 3 days of dobutamine treatment (n = 47). The primary outcome was the occurrence of major cardiovascular events (MACE) at 6 months, defined as all cause death, heart transplantation or need for mechanical circulatory support. Baseline clinical characteristics were similar in both groups. At day-3, the ScVO2 target (>60%) was reached in 36% and 32% of patients in the dobutamine and dobutamine-levosimendan group, respectively. After adding levosimendan, 72% of the dobutamine-levosimendan-group reached the ScVO2 target value at dobutamine weaning. At six months, 42 (47%) patients experienced MACE (n = 29 for death). MACE was less frequent in the dobutamine-levosimendan (32%) than in the dobutamine-group (64%, p = 0.003). Independent variables associated with outcome were admission systolic blood pressure and dobutamine-levosimendan strategy (OR = 0.44 (0.23-0.84), p = 0.01). In conclusion, levosimendan added to dobutamine may improve the outcome of ADHF refractory to dobutamine alone.

MitraClip Implantation for Functional Mitral Regurgitation With Coaptation Gap Facilitated by Levosimendan Treatment.

A patient with severe, symptomatic functional mitral regurgitation was initially considered not suitable for MitraClip (Abbott Vascular, Abbott Park, Illinois) implantation because of non-coapting mitral leaflets. Repeated levosimendan infusions in combination with intensive diuresis induced sufficient valve coaptation, thus allowing MitraClip implantation to be performed. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.).

Challenges and unanswered questions in STEMI management.

The management of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has evolved significantly over the last decades. STEMI treatment includes reperfusion therapy, ideally by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI), modern antithrombotic therapy and secondary prevention measures. Even though many areas in the management of STEMI are well studied and analyzed in the guidelines, there are still challenges and unanswered questions on how to improve outcomes. This review aims to offer an insight in areas that need to be explored.

Cardio-oncology: A Focus on Cardiotoxicity.

Cardio-oncology is a recently developed field in cardiology aimed at significantly reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and improving quality of life in cancer survivors. Cancer survival rates have been constantly increasing, mainly because of the advent of new, more potent and targeted therapies. However, many of the new therapies - along with some of the older chemotherapeutic regimens such as anthracyclines - are potentially cardiotoxic, which is reflected increasingly frequently in the published literature. Cardiotoxicity adversely affects prognosis in cancer patients, thus its prevention and treatment are crucial to improve quality and standards of care. This review aims to explore the existing literature relating to chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity. An overview of the imaging modalities for the identification of cardiotoxicity and therapies for its prevention and management is also provided.

Interobserver variability in the classification of congenital coronary abnormalities: A substudy of the anomalous connections of the coronary arteries registry.

OBJECTIVE: The diagnosis of anomalous connections of the coronary arteries (ANOCOR) requires an appropriate identification for the management of the patients involved. We studied the observer variability in the description and classification of ANOCOR between a nonexpert group of physicians and a group of expert physicians, using the ANOCOR cohort. PATIENTS AND DESIGN: Consecutive patients identified by 71 referring cardiologists were included in the ANOCOR cohort. Anomalous connection was diagnosed by invasive and/or computed tomography coronary angiography. Angiographic images were reviewed by an angiographic committee with experience in this field. Both investigators and angiographic committee filled out a questionnaire to classify each anomaly with the type of coronary artery involved, the site of anomalous connection, and the initial course. Observer variability between investigators and angiographic committee was assessed by κ statistics. Anomalous connection with a preaortic course was defined as at-risk. RESULTS: Among 472 patients of the ANOCOR cohort, 496 abnormalities were identified with a preaortic course present in 31%. The agreement for the type of artery was excellent (κ = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.86-0.98, P < .05), while the agreement for the site of anomalous connection was moderate (κ = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.42-0.58, P < .05), and the agreement for the initial course was only fair (κ = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.28-0.37, P < .05). Observer agreement for the identification of at-risk forms was moderate (κ = 0.497, 95% CI = 0.40-0.59, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Observer variability in the assessment of anomalous connection of the coronary arteries between nonexperienced and experienced physicians can be significant. We found that expert physicians provide a more robust classification in comparison with nonexpert physicians. Therefore, referral to physicians with a relevant experience should be considered, especially if an anomaly at-risk is suspected.