Mental Health of Teachers in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Time of COVID-19 Pandemics.

BACKGROUND: The pandemic of COVID-19 has affected all spheres of life, including education. Teachers at all levels were faced with numerous challenges during the pandemic. These challenges had an impact on their mental health. OBJECTIVE: The goal of the present study was to examine the depression, anxiety, and stress levels in teachers in Bosnia and Herzegovina. METHODS: The sample for this study consisted of 559 teachers (471 female teachers and 88 male teachers). We used the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS 21) to measure teachers' emotional states of depression, anxiety, and stress. RESULTS: The findings of this study clearly indicate the high levels of depression, anxiety, and stress in teachers. We also identified that levels of support provided by family members and school administration served as protective factors in the time of crisis. CONCLUSION: Teachers in Bosnia and Herzegovina have a high prevalence of elevated depression, anxiety, and stress levels. The article concludes with some recommendations on how to improve the mental health of teachers.

Platybasia and Klippel Feil-syndrome: case report.

A case is presented of a 35-year-old woman diagnosed with platybasia associated with Klippel-Feil syndrome type I. She was admitted to University Department of Neurology for clinical examination because of walking difficulties, dizziness, and intermittent vision disturbances. Neurological examination revealed a predominance of cerebellar symptomatology. Relevant diagnostic work-up included craniogram, cervical spine x-ray, computed tomography (CT) of the brain and craniocervical junction, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, electroencephalography, ophthalmologic examination, urinary tract ultrasonography, laboratory tests, and psychological testing. CT of the craniocervical junction showed platybasia, congenital fusion of the second and third cervical vertebrae, and basilar invagination of dens axis. Platybasia is leveling of the angle between the floor of the anterior cranial fossa and posterior cranial fossa in the area of sella turcica, which is normally at 115-140 degrees. Basilar impression or invagination is moving up of the basis of the occiput and occipital condyles into the cranium, which means that the borders of the foramen magnum, condyles and adjacent bone are invaginated into the posterior fossa. Klippel-Feil syndrome type II is massive fusion of two of seven cervical vertebrae associated with short neck and low hair line.

[Treatment of migraine]. / Tretman migrenskih glavobolja.

The epidemiological parameters of the migraene headaches with the occurrence in the most productive life age with the subjective intensive experience of the characteristic pain in migraene headaches are the reason of interest for migraene as the headache "sui generis" from the pathological and therapeutic aspect. The diagnosis of migraene is put according the criteria for migraene headaches. In persons who suffer from migraene it is certainly, that besides the family anamnesis and the solalled precipiting factors there are also the tresh hold for migraene attack to which the basic change in serotonin generator in the brain branch. In the therapeutic approach are used the profilacted and therapeutic measures. The agents which act as agonists 5-HT 1 receptors have simptomatic effects in migraena, while antagonists of 5-HT 2 recetors are-successful in the prophilaxis. Selective agonist 5-HT 1 receptor is sumatrypane and has broken the more year sterotipy in the treatment of the migraene, while the more recent agonists receptors 5-HT 1D alfa and 5-HT D1berta receptor rizatriptan, zolmitriptan, naratriptan show clearly the therapeutic aim of the treatment or migraene influence on the serotoenergic generator of the brain branch and the consecutive change of the cerebral circulation.