[Genetically programmed cell death: the basis of homeostasis and form of phytoimmunity response].

This paper gives a brief overview of the recent ideas about programmed cell death including apoptosis in animals and plants. Comparison of these processes in animal and plant cells in terms of physiological features has been presented. Necrosis as a form of pathological, not genetically programmed cell death has been characterized. Reflections about the meaning (the need) of apoptosis in the formation of hypersensitive response in plants and the role of programmed cell death in joint relations between pathogens and plants have been considered.

[Antitumor activity of some complex preparations in the culture of potato cells transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens].

Antitumor and antibacterial activity of complex preparations consisting of yeast mannan, diacetile-2,4-dioxohexahidro-1,3,5-triasine, cianohyanidine, alcansulfonic acids (emulsifier E-30), and microbial metabolites was studied. The investigation was carrying out on explants of tuber potato parenchyma infected by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. We found that preparations have the antitumor activity. The most activity was exhibited by addition of preparations to the cultural medium and treatment of explants before of infection.

[Effect of glucuronoxylomannan of Tremella mesenterica Ritz. Fr. (Basidiomycota) on the plants resistance to tobacco mosaic virus].

It has been established that extracellular polysaccharides of Glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), which are produced by Tremella mesenterica Ritz. Fr. (Basidiomycota), has antivirus properties and can induce the resistance to TMV in hypersensitive variety of tobacco. The resistance was blocked in the presence of actinomycin D. This process confirms that resistance has been activated with GXM de novo. GXM takes influence on the early stages of viruses and host plants interaction too, which are irrespective to cells genome activation.

[Molecular-genetic mechanisms of plant resistance to viruses].

This paper gives a brief overview of the recent ideas about molecular and genetic mechanisms of plant resistance to viruses. Two plant antiviral strategies (R-gene-mediated mechanism and RNA-silencing) are considered. Examples of engineered virus resistance are presented.

[Antiphytoviral activity of capsule substances of Cryptococcus albidus yeast].

The yeast Cryptococcus albidus isolated from the leaves of maize (strain 1003) and cucumbers (strain 1014) produce the capsule substances which can protect the tobacco and datura plants from tobacco mosaic virus. Proteins, carbohydrates and ash elements have been isolated from culture liquids treated by supersound.

[TMV-infection localization and development of induced virus resistance in Nicotiana sanderae Hort., Datura stramonium L. and Datura metel]. / Lokalizatsiia VTM-infektsiï i rozvytok indukovanoï stiikosti u Nicotiana sanderae HORT., Datura stramonium L. ta Datura metel L.

The localization of virus infection and development of local and systemic induced resistance in plants Nicotiana sanderae Hort., Datura stramonium L. and D. metel L. infected by TMV have been studied. It was shown that acquired resistance to the second infection is induced in hypersensitive plants infected by TMV independent of localization mechanism. No definite correlation exists between these defense reactions.

[Pathogenesis and induced virus resistance in tobacco plants affected by tomato spotted wilt virus]. / Patogenez ta indukovana virusostoiikist' u roslyn tiutiunu, urazhenykh virusom bronzovosti tomativ.

Pathogenecity and virulence of tomato spotted wilt virus isolated from tobacco were studied under the field conditions of the Crimea in the tobacco plants of Immunny 580 variety and Datura stramonium. As to their virulence the obtained 26 isolates were divided into three groups: strongly virulent (severe), middle-virulent and weakly virulent ("mosaic"). It has been shown that strongly virulent isolates interfere with weakly virulent ones and induce the development of nonspecific resistance in tobacco plants, this resistance is also efficient to the tobacco mosaic virus.

[Effect of TMV-infection on protein and carbohydrate content in hypersensitive tobacco plants and their antiviral and hemagglutinating activity]. / Vplyv VTM-infektsiï na vmist bilkiv i vuhlevodiv u nadchutlyvykh roslynakh tiutiunu ta ïkhniu antyvirusnu i hemahliutynuval'nu aktyvnist'.

Changes in content of proteins and carbohydrates of sensitive and supersensitive tobacco and datura plants and their antiviral and hemagglutinating activity under tobacco mosaic virus infection were investigated. It was shown that the content of these substances was increased on early stages of virus infection in hypersensitive plants. Antiviral and hemagglutinating activity of the obtained substances was shown.

[Changes in ultrastructure and protein metabolism of tobacco plants infected by tomato spotted wilt virus]. / Zminy v ul'trastrukturi i bilkovomu metabolizmi roslyn tiutiunu, urazhenykh virusom bronzovosti tomata.

As the result of electron microscope investigation of ultra-thin sections of the tissues infected by tomato spotted wilt virus it was shown that ultrastructural changes in the cells depend on the virus virulence. The isolate with low virulence induces mostly virus-specific changes (virus particles and virus inclusion bodies); the isolate with high virulence besides the virus-specific changes causes essential non-specific violation of cell organelle structure that could be the consequence of pathological action of the virus. It was determined that severe virus infection results in the decrease of general content of the proteins in the leaves. At the same time it induces formation of at least three pathogenesis-associated proteins (PR-proteins) and two antiviral factors of the types AVF (6) and IVR (7) active towards tobacco mosaic virus.