Iron Sulfate and Phosphorous Acid Affect Turfgrass Surface pH and Microdochium Patch Severity on Annual Bluegrass.

Microdochium patch is a turfgrass disease caused by the fungal pathogen Microdochium nivale. Iron sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4•7H2O) and phosphorous acid (H3PO3) applications have previously been shown to suppress Microdochium patch on annual bluegrass putting greens when applied alone, although either disease suppression was inadequate or turfgrass quality was reduced from the applications. A field experiment was conducted in Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.A., to evaluate the combined effects of FeSO4•7H2O and H3PO3 on Microdochium patch suppression and annual bluegrass quality. The results of this work suggest that the addition of 3.7 kg H3PO3 ha-1 with 24 or 49 kg FeSO4•7H2O ha-1 applied every 2 weeks improved the suppression of Microdochium patch without substantially compromising turf quality, which occurred when 98 kg FeSO4•7H2O ha-1 was applied with or without H3PO3. Spray suspensions reduced the pH of the water carrier, therefore two additional growth chamber experiments were conducted to better understand the effects of these treatments on leaf surface pH and Microdochium patch suppression. On the application date in the first growth chamber experiment, at least a 19% leaf surface pH reduction was observed compared with the well water control when FeSO4•7H2O was applied alone. When 3.7 kg H3PO3 ha-1 was combined with FeSO4•7H2O, regardless of the rate, the leaf surface pH was reduced by at least 34%. The second growth chamber experiment determined that sulfuric acid (H2SO4) at a 0.5% spray solution rate was always in the group that produced the lowest annual bluegrass leaf surface pH, but did not suppress Microdochium patch. Together, these results suggest that while treatments decrease leaf surface pH, this decrease in pH is not responsible for the suppression of Microdochium patch.

Analyzing golf course pesticide risk across the US and Europe-The importance of regulatory environment.

This study quantifies golf course pesticide risk in five regions across the US (Florida, East Texas, Northwest, Midwest, and Northeast) and three countries in Europe (UK, Denmark, and Norway) with the objective of determining how pesticide risk on golf courses varied as a function of climate, regulatory environment, and facility-level economic factors. The hazard quotient model was used to estimate acute pesticide risk to mammals specifically. Data from 68 golf courses are included in the study, with a minimum of at least five golf courses in each region. Though the dataset is small, it is representative of the population at confidence level of 75 % with a 15 % margin of error. Pesticide risk appeared to be similar across US regions with varied climates, and significantly lower in the UK, and lowest in Norway and Denmark. In the Southern US (East Texas and Florida), greens contribute most to total pesticide risk while in nearly all other regions fairways make the greatest contribution to overall pesticide risk. The relationship between facility-level economic factors such as maintenance budget was limited in most regions of the study, except in the Northern US (Midwest, Northwest, and Northeast) where maintenance and pesticide budget correlated to pesticide risk and use intensity. However, there was a strong relationship between regulatory environment and pesticide risk across all regions. Pesticide risk was significantly lower in Norway, Denmark, and the UK, where twenty or fewer active ingredients were available to golf course superintendents, than it was in US where depending on the state between 200 and 250 pesticide active ingredients were registered for use on golf courses.

High soil carbon sequestration rates persist several decades in turfgrass systems: A meta-analysis.

Managed turfgrass is a common component of urban landscapes that is expanding under current land use trends. Previous studies have reported high rates of soil carbon sequestration in turfgrass, but no systematic review has summarized these rates nor evaluated how they change as turfgrass ages. Here we conducted a meta-analysis of soil carbon sequestration rates from 63 studies globally, comprised mostly of C3 grass species in the U.S., including 24 chronosequence studies that evaluated carbon changes over 75 years or longer. We showed that turfgrass established within the last ten years had a positive mean soil C sequestration rate of 5.3 Mg CO2 ha-1 yr-1 (95% CI = 3.7-6.2), which is higher than rates reported for several soil conservation practices. Areas converted to turfgrass from forests were an exception, sometimes lost soil carbon, and had a cross-study mean sequestration rate that did not differ from 0. In some locations, soil C accumulated linearly with turfgrass age over several decades, but the major trend was for soil C accumulation rates to decline through time, reaching a cross-study mean sequestration rate that was not different from 0 at 50 years. We show that fitting soil C timeseries with a mechanistically derived function rather than purely empirical functions did not alter these conclusions, nor did employing equivalent soil mass versus fixed-depth carbon stock accounting. We conducted a partial greenhouse gas budget that estimated emissions from mowing, N-fertilizer production, and soil N2O emissions. When N fertilizer was applied, average maintenance emissions offset 32% of C sequestration in recently established turfgrass. Potential emission removals by turfgrass can be maximized with reduced-input management. Management decisions that avoid losing accrued soil C-both when turfgrass is first established and when it is eventually replaced with other land-uses-will also help maximize turfgrass C sequestration potential.

Carbon Sequestration in Turfgrass-Soil Systems.

Plants are key components of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle. Atmospheric CO2 is assimilated through photosynthesis and stored in plant biomass and in the soil. The use of turfgrass is expanding due to the increasing human population and urbanization. In this review, we summarize recent carbon sequestration research in turfgrass and compare turfgrass systems to other plant systems. The soil organic carbon (SOC) stored in turfgrass systems is comparable to that in other natural and agricultural systems. Turfgrass systems are generally carbon-neutral or carbon sinks, with the exception of intensively managed areas, such as golf course greens and athletic fields. Turfgrass used in other areas, such as golf course fairways and roughs, parks, and home lawns, has the potential to contribute to carbon sequestration if proper management practices are implemented. High management inputs can increase the biomass productivity of turfgrass but do not guarantee higher SOC compared to low management inputs. Additionally, choosing the appropriate turfgrass species that are well adapted to the local climate and tolerant to stresses can maximize CO2 assimilation and biomass productivity, although other factors, such as soil respiration, can considerably affect SOC. Future research is needed to document the complete carbon footprint, as well as to identify best management practices and appropriate turfgrass species to enhance carbon sequestration in turfgrass systems.