ABSTRACT
A series of novel pyrazinones designed as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) was synthesized and their anti-HIV structure-activity relationship (SAR) was studied.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/chemical synthesis , HIV Reverse Transcriptase/metabolism , Pyrazines/chemical synthesis , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Anti-HIV Agents/chemistry , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , Drug Design , HIV-1/drug effects , HIV-1/genetics , Models, Molecular , Mutation , Pyrazines/chemistry , Pyrazines/pharmacology , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/chemistry , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
This paper reports the synthesis and the antiviral properties of new diarylpyrimidine (DAPY) compounds as nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). The synthesis program around this new DAPY series was further optimized to produce compounds displaying improved activity against a panel of eight clinically relevant single and double mutant strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/chemical synthesis , HIV Reverse Transcriptase/metabolism , HIV-1/drug effects , Pyrimidines/chemical synthesis , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , Anti-HIV Agents/toxicity , Cell Line , Drug Resistance, Viral , HIV Reverse Transcriptase/genetics , HIV-1/genetics , Humans , Mutation , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Pyrimidines/toxicity , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/toxicity , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
We have developed a fast and robust computational method for prediction of antiviral activity in automated de novo design of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. This is a structure-based approach that uses a linear relation between activity and interaction energy with discrete orientation sampling and with localized interaction energy terms. The localization allows for the analysis of mutations of the protein target and for the separation of inhibition and a specific binding to the enzyme. We apply the method to the prediction of pIC(50) of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. The model predicts the activity of an arbitrary compound with a q(2) of 0.681 and an average absolute error of 0.66 log value, and it is fast enough to be used in high-throughput computational applications.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/chemistry , HIV Reverse Transcriptase/chemistry , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/chemistry , Binding Sites , Databases, Protein , Models, Molecular , Molecular Conformation , Molecular Structure , Quantitative Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Anti-AIDS drug candidate and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) TMC125-R165335 (etravirine) caused an initial drop in viral load similar to that observed with a five-drug combination in naïve patients and retains potency in patients infected with NNRTI-resistant HIV-1 variants. TMC125-R165335 and related anti-AIDS drug candidates can bind the enzyme RT in multiple conformations and thereby escape the effects of drug-resistance mutations. Structural studies showed that this inhibitor and other diarylpyrimidine (DAPY) analogues can adapt to changes in the NNRTI-binding pocket in several ways: (1). DAPY analogues can bind in at least two conformationally distinct modes; (2). within a given binding mode, torsional flexibility ("wiggling") of DAPY analogues permits access to numerous conformational variants; and (3). the compact design of the DAPY analogues permits significant repositioning and reorientation (translation and rotation) within the pocket ("jiggling"). Such adaptations appear to be critical for potency against wild-type and a wide range of drug-resistant mutant HIV-1 RTs. Exploitation of favorable components of inhibitor conformational flexibility (such as torsional flexibility about strategically located chemical bonds) can be a powerful drug design concept, especially for designing drugs that will be effective against rapidly mutating targets.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/chemistry , Drug Resistance, Viral , HIV Reverse Transcriptase/chemistry , Pyridazines/chemistry , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/chemistry , Crystallography, X-Ray , HIV Reverse Transcriptase/genetics , Models, Molecular , Mutation , Nitriles , Protein Conformation , Pyrimidines/chemistryABSTRACT
We present a de novo design program called SYNOPSIS, that includes a synthesis route for each generated molecule. SYNOPSIS designs novel molecules by starting from a database of available molecules and simulating organic synthesis steps. This way of generating molecules imposes synthetic accessibility on the molecules. In addition to a starting database, a fitness function is needed that calculates the value of a desired property for an arbitrary molecule. The values obtained from this function guide the design process in optimizing the molecules toward an optimal value of the calculated property. Two applications are described. The first uses an electric dipole moment calculation to generate molecules possessing a strong dipole moment. The second makes use of the three-dimensional structure of a viral enzyme in order to generate high affinity ligands. Twenty eight compounds designed with the program resulted in 18 synthesized and tested compounds, 10 of which showed HIV inhibitory activity in vitro.
