Quantitative videomicroscopy reveals latent control of cell-pair rotations in vivo.

Collective cell rotations are widely used during animal organogenesis. Theoretical and in vitro studies have conceptualized rotating cells as identical rigid-point objects that stochastically break symmetry to move monotonously and perpetually within an inert environment. However, it is unclear whether this notion can be extrapolated to a natural context, where rotations are ephemeral and heterogeneous cellular cohorts interact with an active epithelium. In zebrafish neuromasts, nascent sibling hair cells invert positions by rotating ≤180° around their geometric center after acquiring different identities via Notch1a-mediated asymmetric repression of Emx2. Here, we show that this multicellular rotation is a three-phasic movement that progresses via coherent homotypic coupling and heterotypic junction remodeling. We found no correlation between rotations and epithelium-wide cellular flow or anisotropic resistive forces. Moreover, the Notch/Emx2 status of the cell dyad does not determine asymmetric interactions with the surrounding epithelium. Aided by computer modeling, we suggest that initial stochastic inhomogeneities generate a metastable state that poises cells to move and spontaneous intercellular coordination of the resulting instabilities enables persistently directional rotations, whereas Notch1a-determined symmetry breaking buffers rotational noise.

Epithelial Planar Bipolarity Emerges from Notch-Mediated Asymmetric Inhibition of Emx2.

Most plane-polarized tissues are formed by identically oriented cells [1, 2]. A notable exception occurs in the vertebrate vestibular system and lateral-line neuromasts, where mechanosensory hair cells orient along a single axis but in opposite directions to generate bipolar epithelia [3-5]. In zebrafish neuromasts, pairs of hair cells arise from the division of a non-sensory progenitor [6, 7] and acquire opposing planar polarity via the asymmetric expression of the polarity-determinant transcription factor Emx2 [8-11]. Here, we reveal the initial symmetry-breaking step by decrypting the developmental trajectory of hair cells using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), diffusion pseudotime analysis, lineage tracing, and mutagenesis. We show that Emx2 is absent in non-sensory epithelial cells, begins expression in hair-cell progenitors, and is downregulated in one of the sibling hair cells via signaling through the Notch1a receptor. Analysis of Emx2-deficient specimens, in which every hair cell adopts an identical direction, indicates that Emx2 asymmetry does not result from auto-regulatory feedback. These data reveal a two-tiered mechanism by which the symmetric monodirectional ground state of the epithelium is inverted by deterministic initiation of Emx2 expression in hair-cell progenitors and a subsequent stochastic repression of Emx2 in one of the sibling hair cells breaks directional symmetry to establish planar bipolarity.

Sensory Systems: Electrifying News from the Ocean.

Only a handful of vertebrates are capable of sensing weak electric fields. Two new studies shed light on the development and physiology of electroreceptive organs.