ABSTRACT
A new architecture has been designed by the conjugation of [(18)F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ((18)F-FDG), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and anti-metadherin (Anti-MTDH) antibody which is specific to the metadherin (MTDH) over-expressed on the surface of breast cancer cells. Mannose triflate molecule is used as a precursor for synthesis of (18)F-FDG by nucleophilic fluorination. For the conjugation of (18)F-FDG and AuNPs, cysteamine was first bound to mannose triflate (Man-CA) before synthesizing of (18)F-FDG which has cysteamine sides ((18)FDG-CA). Then, (18)FDG-CA was reacted with HAuCl(4) to obtain AuNPs and with NaBH(4) for reduction of AuNPs. At the end of this procedure, AuNPs were conjugated to (18)F-FDG via disulphide bonds ((18)FDG-AuNP). For the conjugation of Anti-MTDH, 1,1'-carbonyl diimidazol (CDI) was bound to the (18)FDG-AuNP, and Anti-MTDH was conjugated via CDI ((18)FDG-AuNP-Anti-MTDH). This procedure was also performed by using Na(19)F to obtain non-radioactive conjugates ((19)FDG-AuNP-Anti-MTDH). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images demonstrated that synthesized particles were in nano sizes. (18)FDG-AuNP-Anti-MTDH conjugate was characterized and used as a model probe containing both radioactive and optical labels together as well as the biological target. The (18)FDG-AuNP-Anti-MTDH conjugate was applied to MCF7 breast cancer cell line and apoptotic cell ratio was found to be increasing from 2% to 20% following the treatment. Hence, these results have promised an important application potential of this conjugate in cancer research.
Subject(s)
Antibodies/chemistry , Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism , Gold/chemistry , Immunoconjugates/chemistry , Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry , Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods , Antibodies/metabolism , Antibodies/toxicity , Apoptosis/drug effects , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Breast Neoplasms/immunology , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology , Cell Line, Tumor , Cysteamine/chemistry , Disulfides/chemistry , Female , Fluorodeoxyglucose F18/chemistry , Gold/metabolism , Gold/toxicity , Halogenation , Humans , Immunoconjugates/metabolism , Immunoconjugates/toxicity , Isotope Labeling , Mannose/chemistry , Membrane Proteins , Mesylates/chemistry , Metal Nanoparticles/toxicity , Metal Nanoparticles/ultrastructure , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Microscopy, Electron, Transmission , RNA-Binding ProteinsABSTRACT
A biosensor based on a partially purified polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme was developed by using electropolymerization of [(2,2'-bipyridine)(chloro)(p-cymene)rutenium(II)]chloride] mediator complex and 1,2-diamino benzene (DAB) on a screen printing Pt electrode (1mm diameter). The electropolymerization was carried out at +0.7V for 45min in phosphate buffer (50mM, pH 7.0) which contained 14.0U/10mL polyphenole oxidase, 200mM DAB and 2.5mM Ru-mediator complex solutions. Measurement is based on the detection of the oxidation current of the Ru-mediator complex that related to the enzymatic reaction catalyzed by PPO at +0.65V. The phosphate buffer (50mM, pH 7.0 containing 0.1M KCl) and 30 degrees C were established as being the optimum working conditions. Under the optimum experimental conditions a linear calibration curve was obtained between 5 and 100microM catechol concentration. The detection limit of the biosensor is 2.385microM. In the characterization studies of the biosensor some parameters such as effect of Ru-mediator types on the biosensor response, substrate specificity, reproducibility and storage stability were studied. From the experiments, the average value (x), standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV%) were found to be 48.75microM,+/-1.56microM, and 3.2% respectively for 50microM catechol standard.
