ABSTRACT
Biogenic amines are key mediators of neuroimmune interaction and may influence on multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis and MS course. At the same time, the role of biogenic amines in immunoregulation of early stages of demyelination, in particular clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) is still unclear. This literature review addresses a role of norepinephrine in the regulation of neuroimmune interactions in the early stages of the demyelination. Neuropsychological disorders, immunological characteristics, gut-brain axis as well as the role of norepinephrine in these interactions in patients with CIS, RIS and early MS are discussed.
Subject(s)
Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Multiple Sclerosis/microbiology , Multiple Sclerosis/pathology , Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/pathology , Norepinephrine/metabolism , Brain/pathology , Brain/physiopathology , Humans , Multiple Sclerosis/immunology , Multiple Sclerosis/metabolismABSTRACT
Recently the relationship between gut microbiota changes and the development of immune-mediated diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) has been reported. This review presents literature data on the effect of gut microbiota on the function of the immune and nervous systems. The authors discuss possible mechanisms of the relationship between gut microbiota changes and CNS diseases on the model of multiple sclerosis (MS).
Subject(s)
Central Nervous System Diseases , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Multiple Sclerosis , Central Nervous System , Central Nervous System Diseases/metabolism , Humans , Multiple Sclerosis/microbiologyABSTRACT
Long-term disease modifying therapy (DMD) therapy is the basis of modern MS treatment, effiecacy of which is modulated by the patient's adherence to therapy. One of the possible solutions of low adherence improvement is the use of innovative drugs and the development of more convenient regimens of injectable medications. This article gives a brief review of peg-interferon ß-1a clinical trials.
