Anomalous magneto-resistance of Ni-nanowire/Nb hybrid system.

We examine the influence of superconductivity on the magneto-transport properties of a ferromagnetic Ni nanowire connected to Nb electrodes. We show experimentally and confirm theoretically that the Nb/Ni interface plays an essential role in the electron transport through the device. Just below the superconducting transition, a strong inverse proximity effect from the nanowire suppresses superconducting correlations at Nb/Ni interfaces, resulting in a conventional anisotropic magneto-resistive response. At lower temperatures however, the Nb electrodes operate as superconducting shunts. As the result, the magneto-resistance exhibits a strongly growing hysteretic behavior accompanied by a series of saw-like jumps. The latter are associated with the penetration/escape of individual Abrikosov vortices that influence non-equilibrium processes at the Nb/Ni interface. These effects should be taken into account when designing superconducting quantum nano-hybrids involving ferromagnetic nanowires.

[Membrane-bound proteases of ompT+ and ompT- Vibrio cholerae strains].

AIM: Detection ofproteases in outer membranes (OM) of ompT+ and ompT- Vibrio cholerae strains of O1 and O139 serogroups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Specific sterile preparations of OM were obtained by lysis of live V. cholerae cells by 4.5 M urea solution with subsequent differential centrifugation and treatment by nucleases. Extraction of OM proteins previously treated by sodium sarcosinate was carried out by Triton X-100 in the presence of EDTA. Protease and polypeptide spectra were studied in substrate and SDS electrophoresis. Sensitivity of proteases to inhibitors was determined in diffusion test in agarose gel containing substrate by using soy trypsin inhibitor (STI) and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF). The presence of ompT was determined in PCR by using specific primers. RESULTS: According to PCR data 13 Vibrio cholerae O1 strains and 3 V. cholerae O139 strains isolated from clinical material as well as 22 V. cholerae O1 strains isolated from environmental objects contained ompT gene. 2 V. cholerae O1 human isolated strains, 9 V. cholerae O1 strains and 2 V. cholerae O139 strains isolated from the environment did not have ompT gene. By using SDS- and enzyme-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel quantitative and qualitative differences in composition of polypeptides and proteases of OM ompT+ and ompT- V. cholerae strains that hydrolyze gelatin, casein and protamine sulfate were detected. Inhibition of OM by STI and PMSF resulted in a decrease of their proteolytic activity. CONCLUSION: In preparations and extracts of ompT+ and ompT- V. cholerae OM up to 3 proteases some of which may be related to ompT-like were detected.

[Diagnostic and treatment patterns in management of male patients with nongonococcal urethritis: results of Russian multicentral cross-sectional study].

The aim of the study was to estimate the diagnostic and treatment patterns in the management of acute nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) in males in some cities of Russia. Retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in 2009 in 5 centers of 4 cities in the Central Part of Russia (Kaluga, Pskov, Smolensk - 2 centres and Tula). The data on the diagnostic and treatment approaches to the management of NGU in male subjects >16 years old were collected and analyzed with the use of specially designed case report forms. 556 cases of acute urethritis were analyzed during the study. The diagnosis of NGU was confirmed in 401 cases. The average age of the patients was 29.8 years (16-68 years). The following diagnostic methods were used in 95% of the cases: urethral smear microscopy (314/82.4%), C. trachomatis - PCR (113/29.7%), ELISA (155/40.7%); T. vaginalis - PCR (106/27.8%); U. urealyricum and M. hominis, respectively - bacteriology (140/36.7% and 126/33.1%), PCR (110/28.9% and 108/28.3%); M. genitalium - PCR (110/28.9%). The treatment patterns included antimicrobials AMs alone in 60.3, and AMs + non-AMs in 37.8% of the cases. The most frequently prescribed AMs were azithromycin (27.5%), fluconazole (16.4%), doxycycline (13.6%), metronidazole (11.2%), ofloxacine (7.3%), ceftriaxone (4.4%), josamycin (4.2). According to the results use of the standard methods for NGU diagnosis was rather rare. The use of PCR for atypical pathogens was the following: C. trachomatis 29.7%, U. urealyticum 36.7%, M. hominis 28.9%, M. genitalium 28.3%. Doubtful culture methods were used for detection of U. urealyticum and M. hominis (36.7% and 33.1%). The AMs treatment in some cases was not in compliance with the up-to-date practical guidelines for STD and NGU.

[Efficacy and safety of cefixim and ciprofloxacin in acute cystitis (a multicenter randomized trial)].

A prospective multicenter randomized trial enrolled 104 females aged 18-55 years with acute un-complicated cystitis. The patients were randomized into two groups: 49 patients of group 1 received cefixim in a single dose 400 mg/day for 5 days; 55 patients of group 2 were given ciprofloxacin in a dose 250-500 mg twice a day for 5 days. Clinical and microbiological assessment of efficacy and safety was made before treatment and on treatment day 8 and 28. Significant differences were found between groups 1 and 2 in parameters of bacteriological and clinical efficacy. Eradication of the agent and persistent bacteriological response was seen in 95.9 and 100% patients of group 1, 66 and 100% patients of group 2, respectively. Complete and partial response was observed in 55.1 and 75.5% patients of group 1, 37.3 and 58.1% patients of group 2, respectively. Thus, cefixim in a single dose 400 mg/day for 5 days has a higher microbiological efficacy than ciprofloxacin in a dose 250-500 mg twice a day. Side effects occurred less frequently in the treatment with cefixim.

[Norfloxacine efficacy in acute cystitis in the region with 10% resistance of E. coli to fluoroquinolones: a comparative randomized study].

We have conducted a clinicomicrobiological study the first stage of which consisted in collection of information on uropathogens resistance to fluoroquinolones in 89 females with uncomplicated urinary infections (UI). Sensitivity to antibacterial drugs was determined by the agar dilution test (CLSI, 2007). At stage two of the study we made a prospective multicenter randomized trial including 108 females aged 18-55 years with acute uncomplicated cystitis. The patients were randomized into two groups: group 1 (n = 55) received norfloxacin (400 mg twice a day for 3 days); group 2 (n = 53) received phosphomycin (a single 3.0 g dose). Clinical and microbiological assessment of efficacy and safety was performed before the treatment, on treatment day 5, 10 and 28. Isolation of E. coli strains in the region highly and moderately resistant to cyprofloxacine was rather high--10 and 1.1%, respectively. Before the treatment E. coli was isolated from the urine in 82.4% cases, E. faecalis--5.9%, S. saprophyticus--3.9%, Staphylococcus spp--2.0%, others--< 1%. No significant differences by bacteriological and clinical efficacy were found between the groups. Eradication of the agent and persistent bacteriological response were seen in 100 and 95.2%, 95.8 and 100% patients of groups 1 and 2, respectively. Complete and partial responses were registered in 68.5 and 76%, 76 and 98% patients of groups 1 and 2, respectively. Thus, treatment with norfloxacin in a dose 400 mg twice a day for 3 days and with phosphomycin in a 3.0 g single dose have high clinical and microbiological efficacy in uncomplicated cystitis. Norfloxacin retains clinical and microbiological efficacy in acute uncomplicated cystitis even in conditions of 10% prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant strains. We think that there are reasons for revision of criteria of interpretation of uropathogens sensitivity to fluoroquinolones in the treatment of uncomplicated UI.

[Application of antiseptic dekasan in urgent abdominal surgery].

Experience in local application of antiseptic Dekasan in the complex treatment of abdominal infections of various origins are presented. The clinical and economic efficacy of the drug application is notice.

[Pharmacotherapy of acute tonsillitis-pharyngitis in ambulatory practice: results of a multicenter pharmaco-epidemiological study]. / Farmakoterapiia ostrogo tonzillofaringita v ambulatornoi praktike: rezul'taty mnogotsentrovogo farmakoépidemiologicheskogo issledovaniia.

AIM: To analyse current practice of pharmacotherapy (PT) in outpatient treatment of acute tonsillopharyngitis (ATP) in different regions of Russia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Case reports for 1333 outpatients (493 male and 840 female, age 16-76 years) with ATP from 7 cities of Russia have been studied. Each ATP case was documented on a special chart to contain the following information: demographic data, history of the disease, bacteriological findings, PT regimens, complications, treatment outcomes. RESULTS: PT of ATP was made primarily with antibiotics. Most frequent of them was ampicillin (about half the cases). Further antibiotics by frequency of use were: erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, doxicyclin, amoxicillin, midecamycin, ampicillin/oxacillin. Among other drugs, wide use was registered of antihistamine drugs, throat disease drugs, analgetic and antipiretic drugs, vitamins. Bacteriological examinations were conducted rarely. CONCLUSION: The problems of PT of ATP patients consist in overuse of systemic antibiotics as a result of adequate differential diagnosis of this infection and choice of antibiotics without consideration of current recommendations on the treatment of streptococcal ATP.

[Analysis of parameters of the antibacterial treatment of acute otitis media in adults: results of a multicenter study]. / Analiz osobennostei antibakterial'noi terapii ostrogo srednego otita u vzroslykh: resul'taty mnogotsentrovogo issledovaniia.

The programme was aimed at audit of the parameters of antibacterial therapy for acute otitis media in adult outpatients in 8 cities of Russia (Smolensk, Volgograd, Ekaterinburg, Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Tyumen, Ryazan, Vladivostok). The information sources were the case records. The data from the records were structurally fixed in specially designed individual registration charts for further computer processing. The analysis of the results showed that the real practice of the antibacterial therapy for acute otitis media was not based on a unique approach and did not mainly correspond to the present standards. Ampicillin proved to be preferential, whereas it is known that the drug of choice for such cases is amoxicillin. Antibacterial agents with low activity against the basic pathogens of the infection (doxycycline and others) and high toxicity (co-trimoxazol) were often prescribed, while the recommended up-to-date antibiotics (amoxicillin/clavulanate and others) were prescribed extremely rare or not prescribed at all. Scientifically unreasonable combined antibiotic therapy and prescription of parenteral drugs not rational for the treatment of outpatients were practiced.

[Antibacterial therapy of acute sinusitis in outpatient practice: results of a multicenter trial]. / Analiz antibakterial'noi terapii ostrogo sinusita v ambulatornoi praktike: rezul'taty mnogotsentrovogo issledovaniia.

Now there is no generally accepted practice of antibacterial therapy of acute sinusitis in outpatient clinics of Russia. Choice of antibacterial drugs is often made without consideration of the most probable causative agents of the infection. Out-of-date antibiotics used in many cases do not satisfy modern requirements. Clinically essential features of pharmacokinetics are in some cases ignored. Parenteral administration is often unjustified, combined antibiotic treatment is not always validated.

[Comparative clinical efficacy and tolerance of cefuroxime axetil (zinnat) and ceftibuten (cedex) in patients with acute sinusitis]. / Sravnitel'naia otsenka klinicheskoi éffektivnosti i perenosimosti tsefuroksim aksetila (zinnata) i tseftibutena (tsedeksa) u patsientov s ostrym sinusitom.

The aim of the study was to substantiate clinically and microbiologically administration of such oral cephalosporins as cefuroxime axetil and ceftibuten in acute sinusitis. The spectrum of causative agents of acute sinusitis was determined, most common pathogens were identified and their sensitivity to antibiotics was tested. The conclusion is made that cephalosporins of the II-III generation meet the requirements to antibacterial drugs for treatment of acute sinusitis.

[An assessment of the prognostic criteria for early recurrences of peptic hemorrhage]. / Otsenka prognosticheskikh kriteriev rannikh retsidivov iazvennogo krovotecheniia.

The proposed prognostic system involves multivariate (step-by-step discriminatory) analysis allowing the risk for the coming early recurrent ulcerous bleedings to be assessed to an accuracy of 84%. Depending on the degree of the risk there have been identified three groups of patients: those of minimum, high and extremely high risk of recurrence of bleeding. The selection algorithm for time of surgical treatment of patients with acutely bleeding pyloroduodenal ulcers takes account of emergency operations (within 24 hours) for patients in the high and extremely high risk groups, allowing the specific weight of interventions at the height of the recurrent bleeding to be reduced from 31% to 14%.

[Effect of benzodiazepine and GABA derivatives on the energy metabolism indices in brain edema]. / Vliianie proizvodnykh benzdiazepina i GAMK na nekotorye pokazateli énergeticheskogo obmena pri oteke golovnogo mozga.

The development of toxic and traumatic brain edema in rats is accompanied by a decrease in the ATP level, in the total amount of adenyl nucleotides, the magnitude of the energy charge in the ATP-ADP-AMP system, and by an elevation in the content of AMP. Diazepam (0.5 mg/kg) and phenibut (50 mg/kg) that exert an antiedematous action reduce the amplitude of bioenergetic shifts during edema. As for piracetam (1000 mg/kg) it exhibits an insignificant effect. It is assumed that positive action of diazepam and phenibut on brain bioenergetics in edema is realized via the GABA-ergic system.

[Intensity of glycolysis with brain edema in rats and application of some pharmacological agents]. / Intensivnost' glikoliza pri oteke mozga u krys i primenenii nekotorykh farmakologicheskikh sredstv.

In the in vitro experiments the state of glycolytic processes was studied in the rat brain tissues with development of edema induced by injury and administered nicotine and monoiodoacetate as well as with preliminary introduction of phentolamine, benactyzine, aminazine and trifluoperazine. The brain edema is shown to develop against a background of sharp inhibition of glycolysis independent of the initial content of lactic acid in the incubation medium. Phentolamine, benactyzine and aminazine which prevent from the edema contribute to the normal level of the glycolytic processes. Trifluoperazine ineffective with edema does not prevent from glycolysis inhibition. Inhibition of glycolysis resulting from a decrease in the activity of the corresponding enzymic systems is supposed to be one of the main pathogenetic factors of the brain edema development as it leads to deficit of energy necessary for normal water-electrolytic metabolism in cells.

[Effect of phentolamine on the electroencephalogram and pulse activity of the cortical neurons]. / Vliianie fentolamina na élektroéntsefalogrammu i impul'snuiu aktivnost' korkovykh neironov.

In tests with vigilant immobilized and also urethan anesthetized rabbits the influence of intravenous injection of phentolamine (3--10 mg/kg) on the EEG waves parameters was studied. It is shown that within 45 to 75 minutes following introduction of phentolamine there is observed either shortening or elimination of the EEG activation reaction in response to stimulation of the sciatic nerve. The blocking effect of the intravenous administration of phentolamine is noted also by following dynamic changes in the discharge activity of single neurons.

[Effect of pharmacological agents on the development of experimental brain edema]. / Vliianie farmakologicheskikh sredstv na razvitie éksperimental'nogo oteka mozga.

The effect of some neuroleptics, adreno-, sympatho- and cholinolytic substances on the development of "traumatic" and "mono-iodoacetate" brain edemas was studied in tests with rats. It was established that the neuroleptic chlorpromazine, the alpha-adreno-blocking agents phentolamine and dopegit and also the central M-cholinolytic benactizine display a marked antiedemic action in cases of "traumatic" edema. It is presumed that the development of the "traumatic" brain edema comes as a result of excitation of the alpha-adrenoreceptors in the CNS and the antiedemic action of the mentioned drugs is caused by their blocking. The development of the "monoiodoacetate" edema is due to disturbed cellular metabolism. The drugs under study do not prevent metabolic disorders.

[Effect of several neuroleptic, adreno-, sympatho- and cholinolytic substances on the development of experimental cerebral edema induced by nicotine]. / Vliianie nekotorykh neirolepticheskikh, adreno, simpato- i kholinoliticheskikh veschestv na ravitie éksperimental'nogo oteka mozga, vyzvannogo nikotinom.

The influence of some neuroleptic, adreno, sympatho- and cholinolytic substances on the development of experimental brain edema induced with nicotine was studied in tests conducted on rats. It was ascertained that marked antiedemic properties display drugs blocking the alpha-adrenoreceptors (phentolamine, dopegit), the neuroleptic chlorpromazine and central M-cholinolytics (benactizine). Weak action exert central H-cholinolytics (difacil trasentin) and the neuroleptic galoperidol. Sympatho- and beta-adrenolytics (guanethidine, alpha-methyltyrosine, obsidan), and also the neuroleptic triphthazine fail to prevent the development of an experimental brain edema. It is presumed that a brain edema induced with nicotine comes as a result of the catecholamines liberation and is also due to stimulation of alpha-adrenoreactive systems.