[Production of the polyclonal enterovirus antibodies of chicken (IgY) and its evaluation as alternative to the rabbit enterovirus neutralizing sera].

Experimental data show the usefulness of the Leghorn chicken as a producer of the enterovirus neutralizing antibodies (IgY). The resulting serum is not inferior to the specific activity of the commercial rabbit enterovirus diagnostic sera (EDS) in the neutralization reaction. The IgY have lower backgrounds than mammalian IgG and do not cause toxic effect to cell culture. Compared with the conventional manufacturing method EDS IgY, preparation process is much more effective: the number of serum producers is significantly lower, whereas the yield of the product is higher. Reduction of the volume of the immunogens, immunization cycle, and number of injections is also an advantage of this manufacturing method.

Taylor column instability in the problem of a vibrational hydrodynamic top.

The object of experimental study is a fluid flow generated by differential rotation of a free light spherical body in a rotating cylindrical cavity. The body stays near the axis under the action of centrifugal force. The body rotation is generated by a force field oscillating in the cavity reference system (vibrational hydrodynamic top). It was found that the Taylor-Proudman column that forms undergoes instability, which manifests itself in the formation of a two-dimensional azimuthal wave at the column boundary, in a Stewartson layer. The experimental results are summarized on a plane of dimensionless parameters, i.e., the dimensionless velocity of the cavity rotation and Rossby number. The bounds of the Stewartson layer stability were found and the supercritical structures and transition sequences were studied. Systematic research into that problem in its classical formulation--when a sphere is fixed on the axis and its differential rotation is imposed--was done for comparison. It was demonstrated that in conditions of vibratory differential rotation of a free sphere the stability threshold of the Stewartson layer was reduced by more than one order of magnitude, in comparison with the classical case. A qualitative change was also found in the wave phase velocity which for a free sphere exceeds the lagging differential rotation velocity of the body. It was concluded that the uncovered specifics are related to the difference in the mechanism of the Taylor-Proudman column formation and of the flow generation in it. For a vibrational hydrodynamic top, streams in the column will not be defined by Ekman pumping but by steady streaming, which is also responsible for the free-sphere differential rotation.

[Adjuvants in modern medicine and veterinary].

The review is dedicated to immunologic adjuvants--various natural and synthetics substances that are added to vaccines for stimulation of specific immune response, but they do not induce specific response themselves. Critically important is the selection of the correct adjuvants, for which mechanisms of effect on immune system are studied the most. The majority of these mechanisms as well as physical-chemical and biological features of modern adjuvants are analyzed in the review. The problem of safety of adjuvants, types of immune response induced by adjuvants of various nature, excipients that are being verified or already in use in modern medicine and veterinary are also examined.

[An ELISA system based on the specific class Y (IgY) antibodies from egg yolks for the quantitative determination of D-antigen in inactivated poliovirus vaccines].

The results of the construction of the first Russian ELISA system for the quantitative determination of D-antigen of 1-3 poliovirus types in the preparations of inactivated poliovirus vaccines are presented. For the first time, this kind of system is based on the use of specific antibodies of class Y (IgY) from egg yolks of immunized hens. It was shown that this ELISA system is specific, sufficiently sensitive, and can be used for quantitative determination of D-antigen of 1-3 poliovirus types in inactivated poliovirus vaccines.

[Use of the cultural variants of Coxsackie A viruses in virological practice].

Coxsackie A viruses belong to the enteroviruses, the isolation of which from infectious materials and further cultivation are possible only when laboratory animals are infected. The authors could adapt the strains of 17 of 23 serotypes of these viruses to RD cell culture. The strains of 8 serotypes were additionally adapted to Vero cell culture. The cultural variants of Coxsackle A viruses were used to prepare immune sera. The Bacterial and Viral Agents Enterprise, M. P. Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Virus Encephalitides, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, has set up the production of bacterial and viral drugs based on the cultural variants of 5 Coxsackie A virus serotypes. The cultural variants of 14 Coxsackie A virus serotypes were used to carry out a virus neutralization test. Examination of more than 600 children from Moscow and the Moscow Region showed the wide circulation of individual Coxsackie A virus serotypes. It also demonstrated a drastic reduction in Coxsackie A-7 virus circulation in the past 50 years.

[The diagnostics and treatment of the chronic pancreatitis, complicated by ascitis].

The analysis of diagnostic and treatment principles of the pancreatogenic ascitis was performed, using data of 26 patients. The diagnosis was revealed after the diagnostic laparoscopy and external drainage in 12 patients; 14 patients were diagnosed with the help of the multispiral computed tomography. The combination of external pancreatogenic ascitis draining and local non-anatomic resection of the pancreas allowed better results.

[Evaluation of the efficiency and reactogenicity of emulsion-based adjuvant systems in the manufacture of polyclonal enteroviral diagnostic sera].

Whether various adjuvants might be used in the manufacture of commercial enteroviral diagnostic sera (EDS) was studied. The following adjuvants: Ribi, SAF-1, and TiterMax were compared; vaseline-lanoline emulsion used to prepare EDSs, as well as modified Freund's complete adjuvant served as controls. Chinchilla rabbits were intramuscularly injected enterovirus antigens (enterovirus 70 and ECHO 2) together with the adjuvant emulsions. TiterMax showed the highest efficiency comparable with the activity of Freund's adjuvant. The activities of Ribi, SAF-1, and vaseline-lanoline emulsion were 3-4 times lower. The neutralizing activity of the sera obtained after 2-3 (TiterMax) or 4-5 (Ribi, SAF-1) immunizations was maximal. Further immunizations resulted in a reduction in the titers of neutralizing antibodies. TiterMax and vaseline-lanoline emulsion caused minimal complications at the site of inoculation whereas SAF-1 and Ribi gave rise to severer inflammatory responses.

[Cytotoxic properties of diagnostic rabbit sera to enteroviruses specific features and localization].

Hyperimmune rabbit enterovirus-neutralizing diagnostic sera have a pronounced cytotoxic effect on the test tissue culture RD, HEp-2, and Vero cells and primary renal cells from African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). The specific features of this developing toxic effect, such as reduced proliferative activity and partial cytolysis, were revealed. The time course of changes in the generation of serum cytotoxicity during an immune response to repeated antigenic stimulation of donor animals is described. There is experimental evidence for no association of serum toxicity with specific neutralizing antibodies and with antibodies to cell culture antigens. Affinity chromatography is one of the possible techniques for purification of cytotoxic sera.

[Moraprenylphosphates suppress reproduction of Taylor murine encephalomyelitis virus and accumulation of VP3 viral protein in susceptible cell cultures BHK-21 and P388D1].

Influence of moraprenylphosphates (phosphorylated polyprenol of plant origin) upon the accumulation of Taylor murine encephalomyelitis virus VP3 protein in the susceptible cell cultures was studied. It has been shown that moraprenylphosphates inhibited the accumulation of VP3 at early stages of infectious process. Moraprenylphosphates were found to decrease infectivity of the virus as well as virus-induced cellular apoptosis. Mechanisms of immunomodulating and antiviral activity of moraprenylphosphates and prospects of their use as antiviral drugs have been discussed.

[Use of molecular biological method (MAPREC-test) for evaluating residual neurovirulence and genetic stability of oral poliovirus vaccine type 3]. / Ispol'zovanie molekuliarno-biologicheskogo metoda (MAPREC-testa) dlia otsenki ostatochnoi neirovirulentnosti i geneticheskoi stabil'nosti oral'noi poliovirusnoi vaktsiny tipa 3.

MAPREC test (mutant analysis by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme cleavage), evaluating the content of neurovirulent mutants with nucleotide substitution of U for C in position 472 in the 5'-nontranslated RNA region, in a virus population was used for a retrospective analysis of 3 specimens of inoculated viruses and 55 lots of type 3 oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) prepared at M. P. Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, during recent 6 years. The mean content of neurovirulent mutants in inoculated viruses was 0.26 +/- 0.06%, in monovaccines 0.34 +/- 0.04% (the maximum allowable content is 1%). The method is well reproducible and detects about 0.1% mutants in the population. MAPREC test can be used instead of currently used residual virulence control on monkeys, as it detects viral preparations which were not tested on monkeys and does not reject high-quality vaccines. The protocol of using this method in combination with other methods for neurovirulence and genetic stability control of type 3 OPV is discussed.

Comparative study of the lipids of four dominating species of freshwater plants and algae of the Shulgan river.

The fatty acid and lipid compositions of four dominating species of plants and algae of the Shulgan river--Alliaria petiolata, Rhynchostegium riparioides, Sphaeroplea annulina, and Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum--were studied. The composition of phospho-, glyco-, and neutral lipids was investigated. A betaine lipid 1(3), 2-diacylglyceryl-(3)-O-4-(N,N,N-trimethyl)homoserine was detected in the polar lipid fraction of the Rhynchostegium riparioides bryophyte. Characteristic distribution of lipids and fatty acids of freshwater plants and algae is discussed in term of various species specificity.

[An analysis of the acupuncture treatment results in bronchial asthma patients]. / Analiz rezul'tatov lecheniia akupunkturoi bol'nykh bronkhial'noi astmoi.

Treatment effects reached in 94 patients with bronchial asthma demonstrate that neurogenic, humoral and bioenergetic responses to acupuncture proceed according to adaptation laws and result in reduction of bronchial hyperreactivity. Eosinophilic inflammation in the bronchi diminishes acupuncture efficacy.

[Comparative evaluation of the wound-healing effect of benzofuracaine, etaden, and xanthinol nicotinate in an experiment]. / Sravnitel'naia otsenka ranozazhivliaiushchego deistviia benzofurokaina, étadena i ksantinola nikotinata v éksperimente.

The effect of benzofuracaine, etaden, and xanthinol nicotinate on the healing of skin wounds was studied in rat experiments. On days 1-14 of postmechanical injury, intramuscular benzofuracaine (15, 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg), etaden (20 mg/kg), and xanthinol nicotinate (each drug alone) reparative processes in the skin wounds developed more rapidly and processes of microcirculation in the region of the injury were normalized. The wound-healing effect of benzofurocaine in an ortimal dose of 60 mg/kg was more marked than that op etaden and xanthinol nicotinate. With benzofuracaine and etaden, the skin wounds healed completely by the 14th day of the experiment in 57% and 28.6% of animals, respectively. Such cases were not encountered among animals treated with xanthinol nicotinate and in the controls (untreated animals).

[The CNS lesion in monkeys spinally infected with the vaccinal poliomyelitis virus]. / Porazhenie TsNS obez'ian pri spinal'nom zarazhenii vaktsinnym virusom poliomielita.

Specific features of the CNS lesions in monkeys inoculated with a vaccine poliovirus strain were studied in comparison with those developing after inoculation with virulent strains. The lesions in the lumbar cord and other regions of the brain and spinal cord after intraspinal inoculation of the vaccine virus are described at length. Certain signs reflecting the specific nature of the lesions were observed. The results of histopathological and immunofluorescent studies were shown to be important for differentiation of specific and nonspecific lesions.

[The quality standardization of a national vaccine against yellow fever]. / Standartizatsiia kachestva natsional'noi vaktsiny protiv zheltoi likhoradki.

One of the commercial lots of yellow fever vaccine has been attested as the National Branch Standard (NBS) of yellow fever vaccine. This NBS has been studied in all tests required by the regulations for standard vaccines. The NBS has been found to meet the necessary requirements in all its characteristics. The study of the thermostability of the NBS at temperatures of 4-10 degrees C, 20-22 degrees C, 37 degrees C during storage for 24 hours to 1 year has revealed the rapid loss of the infectious capacity of the virus at the above temperatures and its high stability during storage at -20 degrees C. Thus, the NBS has been found to retain the required level of immunizing potency for 3 months at a temperature of 4-10 degrees C, for 1 month at 20-22 degrees C and for 2 weeks (the term of observation) at 37 degrees C. The heat resistance of the NBS of yellow fever vaccine corresponds to the WHO requirements. The newly developed NBS has been used as the standard preparation for controlling 27 lots of commercial yellow fever vaccine.