Effect of five weeks of strength and flexibility training on associations between self-reported and performance-based measures of physical fitness in older African-American adults.

Previous research suggests that older adults' perceptions of personal physical fitness are limited, especially for muscular strength and flexibility, and that these perceptual limitations may be the result of an insufficient referent for discerning appropriate muscular strength and flexibility. This study evaluated whether 5 wk. of strength and flexibility training would provide the additional experiences necessary for older adults to strengthen the correlations between their self-reported and performance-based measures of physical fitness, specifically for the subcomponents of strength and flexibility. Evaluated components were aerobic endurance (maximal distance covered in 6 min.), muscular strength (maximal amount of weighted arm-curls and chair ups), flexibility (back-scratch and modified sit and reach), and body composition (BMI). From a local community center a convenient sample of 20 African-American adults (5 men and 15 women) who ranged in age from 57 to 82 years (M=68 yr., SD=5 yr.) volunteered to participate in 5 wk. of strength and flexibility training (twice a week, 60 min. per session). Initially, the absolute value of correlations between self-reported and performance-based measures of physical fitness were low to moderately high (r=.35 to .68) with the greatest correlation found for body composition (r=-.68). After 5 wk. of training, the participants' self-reports of upper body flexibility significantly improved (r=.42 to .70); however, no significant changes were found in self-reports of muscular strength and lower body flexibility. Additional validation of available self-report scales, as well as the development of new and improved self-report ones, is needed.

A series of studies--a practical protocol for testing muscular endurance recovery.

The purpose of this series of studies was to use a practical measure to examine the course of muscular endurance recovery after 3 sets to failure in 10 men (ages 18 to 30 years) and then compare those results with 10 men (ages 18 to 30 years) who performed 7 sets and 10 older men (ages 50 to 65 years) who performed 3 sets. Recovery as indicated by number of repetitions performed was observed at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to investigate differences in recovery over time. For group means, performance was significantly lower in all 3 groups after 24 hours (p < 0.05). At 48 hours, performance of the groups was not significantly different from baseline (p > 0.05). Number of repetitions performed at 72 hours was significantly higher than that in session 1 (10.2 +/- 1.4 reps in session 1 vs. 11.2 +/- 2.3 at 72 hours, p = 0.022) in the young 3-sets group, but not in the other groups. After 96 hours, only the young 7-sets group was found to be performing at a level approaching significance (10.3 +/- 1.2 reps in session 1 vs. 11.1 +/- 2.0 at 96 hours, p = 0.051). No significant difference was found between the young 3-sets and 7-sets groups at any time (p > 0.05). The young 3-sets group was found to be performing at a significantly higher level than the older group at 72 hours (11.2 +/- 2.3 reps in the younger vs. 9.9 +/- 1.7 in the older group, p = 0.008), a difference that also approached significance at 96 hours (p = 0.06). Large intersubject variability was observed at all time points. The results suggest that individual recovery testing before exercise prescription is practical, and this protocol may be sensitive to differences in training volume and subject age.