Meningitis and encephalitis in Poland in 2016

BACKGROUND: Meningitis and encephalitis are febrile diseases with varying degrees of severity, rich symptomatology and differentiated course depending on the etiological factor and individual sensitivity. In severe cases, it can quickly lead to shock and death. mAbout 3000 cases of meningitis and encephalitis are registered in Poland each year. They constitute a serious diagnostic and therapeutic problem. Among the cases of cerebrospinal meningitis and / or encephalitis, confirmed by laboratory tests, the most common are Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Among viral neuroinfections, tick-borne encephalitis predominates. AIM: The aim of the study is to assess the epidemiological situation of meningitis and / or encephalomyelitis in Poland in 2016. and comparison of the results obtained with the epidemiological situation in previous years. METHODS: Analysis and assessment of the epidemiological situation of the occurrence of meningitis and / or encephalomyelitis in Poland in 2016. was based on the results of the analysis of aggregate data published in the annual bulletins: "Infectious diseases and poisoning in Poland in 2016" and "Protective Vaccination in Poland in 2016. (Czarkowski MP. Et al., Warsaw, NIZP-PZH, GIS). In addition, the recommendations from the Protective Vaccine Program for 2016 were used. RESULTS: In 2016, in Poland, there were a total of 3,191 cases of meningitis and / or encephalitis (incidence 7.6 per 100,000), which increased by 14.5% compared to 2015. The prevalences of viral etiology were they were responsible for 43.49% of cases of neuroinfections. Among the specific neuroinfections with viral etiology, up to 74.67% were tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). Disorders of bacterial etiology were the cause of 30.08% of all cases, which is an increase of 6.35% compared to 2015. SUMMARY: In 2016, the total increase in meningitis and / or brain inflammation was recorded in Poland. In comparison to 2015, it was an increase of 14.5%. Most of these infections were infections caused by viruses - 43.49%. 2016 was another period in which a decline in bacterial etiology was noted, which may result from the fact that more protective vaccinations were carried out in this area. It is necessary to continue educational activities aimed at raising the level of knowledge of the general public in the area of the ability to prevent infectious diseases through vaccination.

Chickenpox in Poland in 2016

BACKGROUND: Chickenpox is a common disease in Poland. Annually, between 160,000 and 220,000 cases are registered. On average, there is an increase in incidence every 4 years. Therefore, it is justified to use preventive vaccination that effectively protects against infection. In Poland, since 2002, these are recommended vaccinations. AIM: To assess the epidemiological situation of chickenpox in Poland in 2016. and a comparison with the situation in previous years. METHODS: Assessment of the epidemiological situation of chickenpox in Poland in 2016. was based on the results of the analysis of aggregate data published in the annual bulletins: "Infectious diseases and poisoning in Poland in 2016" and "Protective Vaccination in Poland in 2016. (Czarkowski MP, et al. Warsaw, NIZP-PZH, GIS). In addition, the recommendations from the Protective Vaccine Program for 2016 were used. RESULTS: In 2016, 160,707 cases of chickenpox were registered in Poland, 14.3% fewer cases than in the previous year. The incidence of varicella in 2016 was 418.2 per 100,000. and was lower than in 2015 by 14.3%. The lowest incidence was registered in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship - 259.3 / 100,000, the highest and the highest one in 2015 in the Slaskie Voivodship - 542.9 / 100,000. Children aged 0-4 (77 258) and 5-9 (60,818) became ill most. The incidence of men pox was higher than for women, and the rural population higher than for urban residents. Hospitalization due to chickenpox in 2016 included 1 219 people, which accounted for 0.76% of the total number of registered cases. 66,357 people were vaccinated against varicella. SUMMARY: In 2016, there was a decrease in the number of smallpox cases, which may be explained by activities in the field of health education aimed at protective vaccination and indicating the benefits of preventive vaccination, as well as increasing the knowledge of the general public in the prevention of infectious diseases by vaccination.

Chickenpox in Poland in 2015

BACKGROUND: A large number of chickenpox cases, indicates the rationale for the use of chickenpox vaccinations. In Poland since 2002, chickenpox vaccination is included in the National Immunisation Programme as recommended.(1) AIM: To assess epidemiological situation of chickenpox in Poland in 2015 in comparison to previous years METHODS: The descriptive analysis was based on based on the results of the analysis of aggregate data published in the annual bulletins "Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2015" and "Vaccinations in Poland in 2015" (2,3). National Immunisation Programme for year 2015 was also used (4) RESULTS: In 2015, 187 624 cases of chickenpox were registered in Poland, the highest number of cases in Mazowieckie voivodeship and the lowest in Opolskie voivodeship. The incidence was 487.9 and was lower than in 2014 (575.9). The highest incidence 4532.5 was recorded in children in 0-4 age group. The chickenpox incidence among men (515.5) was higher comparing to women (462.1), and among rural residents (508.0) was higher by 9.8 % than among urban residents (474.7). Number of cases hospitalized due to chickenpox was 1 340. Number of people vaccinated against chickenpox was 63 138 SUMMARY: In 2015, there was decrease in number of chickenpox in Poland, which can be related to the periodicity of the increase in morbidity, the use of vaccination against chickenpox, prophylactic vaccination activities and the benefits of vaccination, as well as the increase of knowledge of the general public on the ability to prevent infectious diseases that can be prevented by vaccination

[Evaluation of effectiveness of several repellents against mosquito bites available at the Polish market]. / Ocena skutecznosci wybranych preparatów dosteipnych na polskim rynku sluzacych do ochrony przed komarami.

UNLABELLED: BACKGROUND. Mosquitoes are blood-sucking insects, nuisance to humans and animals. Their bites cause itching and allergic reactions. These insects are also vectors of several viruses, bacteria and parasites. Protection against mosquitoes is therefore justified and desirable. This can give repellents and products for protection small outdoor areas such as terraces, home gardens. OBJECTIVE. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of eight selected products with different formulations used against mosquitoes including: 5 preparations for use on the body or clothing (repellents A, B, C, D, E and 3 products for use in small outdoor spaces (I, J, K). MATERIAL AND METHODS: [corrected] Repellents were tested in laboratory trials, when volunteers were exposed to Aedes aegypti females breeding in the laboratory. Products I, J, K were tested in field trials; volunteers were exposed to female mosquitoes at various ages from the environment (Aedes sp, Culex sp). RESULTS: The results showed that all tested repellents were efficient during 4 hrs. After this time their effectiveness decreased--fast in the case of repellent B (10% DEET), not very fast, but significant--in the case of repellent C (15% DEET). Three products for small area protection gave (each of them) 3-hour protection against mosquito bites. Product K (21,97% allethrin) was 100% effective (no bites at all). CONCLUSIONS: Both kinds of product can give effective protection against mosquito bites. Their use is most effective, cheaper and more safe for the environment method of protection against mosquitoes than chemical spraying of large areas.