ABSTRACT
Transplantation of an human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatched graft can lead to the development of donor-specific antibodies (DSA), which can result in antibody mediated rejection and graft loss as well as complicate repeat transplantation. These DSA are induced by foreign epitopes present on the mismatched HLA antigens of the donor. However, not all epitopes appear to be equally effective in their ability to induce DSA. Understanding the characteristics of HLA epitopes is crucial for optimal epitope matching in clinical transplantation. In this review, the latest insights on HLA epitopes are described with a special focus on the definition of immunogenicity and antigenicity of HLA epitopes. Furthermore, the use of this knowledge to prevent HLA antibody formation and to select the optimal donor for sensitised transplant candidates will be discussed.
Subject(s)
Epitopes/immunology , Graft Rejection/immunology , HLA Antigens/immunology , Host vs Graft Reaction , Isoantibodies/biosynthesis , Kidney Transplantation , Alleles , Epitopes/classification , Epitopes/genetics , Gene Expression , Graft Rejection/genetics , Graft Rejection/pathology , HLA Antigens/classification , HLA Antigens/genetics , Histocompatibility Testing , Humans , Tissue DonorsSubject(s)
Biological Products/chemical synthesis , Fungi/chemistry , Mycotoxins/chemical synthesis , Aflatoxins/chemical synthesis , Aflatoxins/isolation & purification , Anthraquinones/chemical synthesis , Anthraquinones/isolation & purification , Biological Products/isolation & purification , Citrinin/chemical synthesis , Citrinin/isolation & purification , Cytochalasins/chemical synthesis , Cytochalasins/isolation & purification , Ergot Alkaloids/chemical synthesis , Ergot Alkaloids/isolation & purification , Fumonisins/chemical synthesis , Fumonisins/isolation & purification , Fungi/metabolism , Lactones/chemical synthesis , Lactones/isolation & purification , Mycotoxins/isolation & purification , Ochratoxins/chemical synthesis , Ochratoxins/isolation & purification , Patulin/chemical synthesis , Patulin/isolation & purification , Trichothecenes/chemical synthesis , Trichothecenes/isolation & purification , Xanthones/chemical synthesis , Xanthones/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Alkynylated and butadiynyl-bridged phenothiazines with variable functionalization can be synthesized in good yields by cross-coupling and condensation approaches. In addition, the structure of the diethynylated phenothiazine (7a) has been corroborated by an X-ray structure analysis. These oligofunctional heterocycles are fluorescent with modest quantum yields (Phi(f) = 20-35%) and represent suitable building blocks for novel photoexcitable molecular wires.
