ABSTRACT
Combining representational oligonucleotide microarray analysis (ROMA) of tumor DNA with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of individual tumor cells provides the opportunity to detect and validate a wide range of amplifications, deletions, and rearrangements directly in frozen tumor samples. We have used these combined techniques to examine 101 aneuploid and diploid breast tumors for which long-term follow-up and detailed clinical information were available. We have determined that ROMA provides accurate and sensitive detection of duplications, amplifications, and deletions and yields defined boundaries for these events with a resolution of <50 kbp in most cases. We find that diploid tumors exhibit fewer rearrangements on average than aneuploids, but rearrangements occur at the same locations in both types. Diploid tumors reflect at least three consistent patterns of rearrangement. The reproducibility and frequency of these events, especially in very early stage tumors, provide insight into the earliest chromosomal events in breast cancer. We have also identified correlations between certain sets of rearrangement events and clinically relevant parameters such as long-term survival. These correlations may enable novel prognostic indicators for breast and other cancers as more samples are analyzed.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Aneuploidy , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , DNA, Neoplasm/genetics , Diploidy , Female , Gene Expression Profiling , Gene Rearrangement , Genomics , Humans , In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence , Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis , PrognosisABSTRACT
The early stages of a relativistic heavy-ion collision are examined in the framework of an effective classical SU(3) Yang-Mills theory in the transverse plane. We compute the initial energy and number distributions, per unit rapidity, at midrapidity, of gluons produced in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. We discuss the phenomenological implications of our results in light of the recent Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider data.
ABSTRACT
The initial gluon multiplicity per unit area per unit rapidity, dN/L2/d eta, in high energy nuclear collisions, is equal to f(N)(g(2)mu L) (g(2)mu)(2)/g(2), with mu(2) proportional to the gluon density per unit area of the colliding nuclei. For an SU(2) gauge theory, we compute f(N)(g(2)mu L) = 0.14 +/- 0.01 for a wide range in g(2)mu L. Extrapolating to SU(3), we predict dN/L2/d eta for values of g(2)mu L relevant to the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the Large Hadron Collider. We compute the initial gluon transverse momentum distribution, dN/L2/d(2)k( perpendicular), and show it to be well behaved at low k( perpendicular).
ABSTRACT
In very-high-energy nuclear collisions, the initial energy of produced gluons per unit area per unit rapidity, (dE/L2)/deta, is equal to f(g(2)&mgr;L) (g(2)&mgr;)(3)/g(2), where &mgr;(2) is proportional to the gluon density per unit area of the colliding nuclei. For an SU(2) gauge theory, a nonperturbative computation of f(g(2)&mgr;L) shows that it varies rapidly for small g(2)&mgr;L but varies only by approximately 25%, from 0.208+/-0.004 to 0.257+/-0. 005, for a wide range 35.36- 296.98 in g(2)&mgr;L. This includes the range relevant for collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Extrapolating to SU(3), we estimate dE/deta for Au-Au collisions in the central region at RHIC and LHC.
