The prevalence and clinical significance of HER2 expression in prostate adenocarcinoma.

AIMS: Abnormalities in HER2 are well-established oncogenic drivers and are approved therapeutic targets in various malignancies. Prior studies evaluating HER2 expression in prostate cancer (PCa) have yielded variable results. Most of these studies used immunohistochemistry scoring systems based on breast cancer data. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence and clinical significance of HER2 expression using a scoring system that better reflects the HER2 staining pattern observed in PCa. METHODS: We randomly selected similar numbers of localized low risk (AJCC stage I), locally advanced (AJCC stages II & III), and metastatic (AJCC stage IV) PCa patients treated at the DC VA Medical Center between 2000 and 2022. Among them, we included patients who had sufficient PCa tissue samples and clinical information required for this analysis. Two experienced pathologists independently scored HER2 expression (Ventana Pathway anti-HER2) according to a modified gastric cancer HER2 scoring system. RESULTS: Out of the 231 patients included, 85 % self-identified as Black. 58.9 % of patients expressed HER2 (1+: 35.5 %; 2+: 18.2 %; 3+: 5.2 %). Validity of the results was confirmed using the HercepTest antibody. Higher HER2 expression was associated with a higher Gleason Score/Grade Group and advanced disease. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the adverse prognostic impact on HER2 in PCa. We propose the use of a modified scoring system to evaluate HER2 expression in PCa. The observed high prevalence of HER2 expression supports the consideration of novel HER2-targeted therapies addressing even low levels of HER2 expression in future PCa trials.

Breast cancer in male veteran population: an analysis from VA cancer registry.

BACKGROUND: Male breast cancer is rare and makes up < 1% of all cases of breast cancers. Treatment and survival stage per stage is mainly based on what is known from female breast cancer. OBJECTIVES: We determined the pathological features, stage, treatment of breast cancer in male veterans and their survival outcome. METHODS: Medical records of male patients diagnosed with breast cancer at the Veterans Affairs Medical Centers of Washington DC, Baltimore, Maryland, and Martinsburg, West Virginia, from 1992-2012 were reviewed after iInstitutional review board approval. RESULTS: From 1995-2012, 51 male patients with breast cancer were identifed from cancer registry. Of those, 57% were African American, 41% white, and 2% other race. Median age was 68 years (range, 44-86 years). Palpable mass was presenting symptoms in 80%, and gynecomastia or bloody nipple discharge in 16%. Family history of breast cancer in immediate family was positive in 11 patients without mention of BRCA genes except in one who was BRCA2-positve. ER/PR (estrogen-/progesterone-receptor) was positive in 71%, ER-positive/PR-negative in 2%, ER-positive/PR-positive /HER2-positive in 4%, ER-negative/PR-negative /HER2-triple negative in 4%. In all, 41% and 57% had right and left breast cancer, respectively; 80% had mastectomy, 36% had lymph node involvement (1-13 LN), 90% had invasive ductal carcinoma, 8% DCIS, and 2% sarcoma. Cancer in 26% was stage I, 38% stage II, 18% stage III and 8% stage IV. Twenty four percent of the patients had combination chemotherapy, and 66% were given tamoxifen. Eight percent had relapsed or recurrent disease within 1-5 years of their diagnosis and died within 2-12 years after the relapse. At median follow-up of 174 months (range, 4 months-19 years), 56% had died, 42% were alive, and 6% had been lost to follow-up. LIMITATIONS: This is a very small retrospective chart review. Further large prospective studies are desired. CONCLUSIONS: Median age at diagnosis of breast cancer seems to be higher in men (70 years) than it is in women (60 years). Invasive ductal carcinoma is the main pathology, and 73% of the tumors were ER-positive. The survival rate at more than 10 years of follow-up was about 40%. Stage versus survival revealed no difference in mortality.

Survival of older patients with cancer in the Veterans Health Administration versus fee-for-service Medicare.

PURPOSE: The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) provides high-quality preventive chronic care and cancer care, but few studies have documented improved patient outcomes that result from this high-quality care. We compared the survival rates of older patients with cancer in the VHA and fee-for-service (FFS) Medicare and examined whether differences in the stage at diagnosis, receipt of guideline-recommended therapies, and unmeasured characteristics explain survival differences. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We used propensity-score methods to compare all-cause and cancer-specific survival rates for men older than age 65 years who were diagnosed or received their first course of treatment for colorectal, lung, lymphoma, or multiple myeloma in VHA hospitals from 2001 to 2004 to similar FFS-Medicare enrollees diagnosed in Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) areas in the same time frame. We examined the role of unmeasured factors by using sensitivity analyses. RESULTS: VHA patients versus similar FFS SEER-Medicare patients had higher survival rates of colon cancer (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.87; 95% CI, 0.82 to 0.93) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC; HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.88 to 0.95) and similar survival rates of rectal cancer (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.95 to 1.16), small-cell lung cancer (HR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.93 to 1.05), diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.89 to 1.18), and multiple myeloma (HR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.03). The diagnosis of VHA patients at earlier stages explained much of the survival advantages for colon cancer and NSCLC. Sensitivity analyses suggested that additional adjustment for the severity of comorbid disease or performance status could have substantial effects on estimated differences. CONCLUSION: The survival rate for older men with cancer in the VHA was better than or equivalent to the survival rate for similar FFS-Medicare beneficiaries. The VHA provision of high-quality care, particularly preventive care, can result in improved patient outcomes.

Quality of care for older patients with cancer in the Veterans Health Administration versus the private sector: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) is the largest integrated health care system in the United States. Studies suggest that the VHA provides better preventive care and care for some chronic illnesses than does the private sector. OBJECTIVE: To assess the quality of cancer care for older patients provided by the VHA versus fee-for-service Medicare. DESIGN: Observational study of patients with cancer that was diagnosed between 2001 and 2004 who were followed through 2005. SETTING: VHA and non-VHA hospitals and office-based practices. PATIENTS: Men older than 65 years with incident colorectal, lung, or prostate cancer; lymphoma; or multiple myeloma. MEASUREMENTS: Rates of processes of care for colorectal, lung, or prostate cancer; lymphoma; or multiple myeloma. Rates were adjusted by using propensity score weighting. RESULTS: Compared with the fee-for-service Medicare population, the VHA population received diagnoses of colon (P < 0.001) and rectal (P = 0.007) cancer at earlier stages and had higher adjusted rates of curative surgery for colon cancer (92.7% vs. 90.5%; P < 0.010), standard chemotherapy for diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (71.1% vs. 59.3%; P < 0.001), and bisphosphonate therapy for multiple myeloma (62.1% vs. 50.4%; P < 0.001). The VHA population had lower adjusted rates of 3-dimensional conformal or intensity-modulated radiation therapy for prostate cancer treated with external-beam radiation therapy (61.6% vs. 86.0%; P < 0.001). Adjusted rates were similar for 9 other measures. Sensitivity analyses suggest that if patients with cancer in the VHA system have more severe comorbid illness than other patients, rates for most indicators would be higher in the VHA population than in the fee-for-service Medicare population. LIMITATION: This study included only older men and did not include information about performance status, severity of comorbid illness, or patient preferences. CONCLUSION: Care for older men with cancer in the VHA system was generally similar to or better than care for fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries, although adoption of some expensive new technologies may be delayed in the VHA system. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Department of Veterans Affairs.

Sodium-wasting nephropathy caused by cisplatin in a patient with small-cell lung cancer.

We describe a case of severe hyponatremia following chemotherapy administration in a patient with small-cell lung cancer. There was no evidence of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion. The clinical and laboratory findings were consistent with a sodium-wasting nephropathy complicating cisplatin administration. There are few well-documented reports of cisplatin-associated hyponatremia in the medical literature. We have summarized the relevant literature and attempted to define the differential diagnosis of hyponatremia in this setting. Most cases are accounted for by sodium-losing nephropathy of SIADH, but many reported cases contain insufficient data for classification. Appropriate attention to the evaluation of hyponatremia following platinum-based chemotherapy is needed to properly treat these conditions.

Patients' perceptions of quality of life after treatment for early prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: Treatment for early prostate cancer produces problematic physical side effects, but prior studies have found little influence on patients' perceived health status. We examined psychosocial outcomes of treatment for early prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with previously treated prostate cancer and a reference group of men with a normal prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and no history of prostate cancer completed questionnaires. Innovative scales assessed behavioral consequences of urinary dysfunction, sexuality, health worry, PSA concern, perceived cancer control, treatment decision making, decision regret, and cancer-related outlook. Urinary, bowel, and sexual dysfunction were assessed with symptom indexes; health status was assessed by the Physical and Mental Summaries of the Short Form (SF-12) Health Survey. RESULTS: Compared with men without prostate cancer, prostate cancer patients reported greater urinary, bowel, and sexual dysfunction, but similar health status. They reported worse problems of urinary control, sexual intimacy and confidence, and masculinity, and greater PSA concern. Perceptions of cancer control and treatment decisions were positive, but varied by treatment: prostatectomy patients indicated the highest and observation patients indicated the lowest cancer control. Bowel and sexual dysfunction were associated with poorer sexual intimacy, masculinity, and perceived cancer control; masculinity and PSA concern were associated with greater confidence in treatment choice; and diminished sexual intimacy and less interest in PSA were associated with greater regret. CONCLUSION: The lack of change in global measures of health status after treatment for early prostate cancer obscures important influences in men's lives; cancer diagnosis and treatment complications may result in complex outcomes. Aggressive treatment may confer confidence in cancer control, yet be countered by diminished intimate relationships and masculinity, which accompany sexual dysfunction.