Evidence for operative treatment of talar osteochondral lesions: a systematic review.

Purpose: Operative treatment of talar osteochondral lesions is challenging with various treatment options. The aims were (i) to compare patient populations between the different treatment options in terms of demographic data and lesion size and (ii) to correlate the outcome with demographic parameters and preoperative scores. Methods: A systemic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. The electronic databases Pubmed (MEDLINE) and Embase were screened for reports with the following inclusion criteria: minimum 2-year follow-up after operative treatment of a talar osteochondral lesion in at least ten adult patients and published between 2000 and 2020. Results: Forty-five papers were included. Small lesions were treated using BMS, while large lesions with ACI. There was no difference in age between the treatment groups. There was a correlation between preoperative American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score and change in AOFAS score (R = -0.849, P < 0.001) as well as AOFAS score at follow-up (R = 0.421, P = 0.008). Preoperative size of the cartilage lesion correlates with preoperative AOFAS scores (R= -0.634, P = 0.001) and with change in AOFAS score (R = 0.656, P < 0.001) but not with AOFAS score at follow-up. Due to the heterogeneity of the studies, a comparison of the outcome between the different operative techniques was not possible. Conclusion: Patient groups with bigger lesions and inferior preoperative scores did improve the most after surgery. Level of evidence: IV.

Evaluation of Radiographic Features Including Metatarsus Primus Elevatus in Hallux Rigidus.

The etiology of hallux rigidus remains a controversial issue in foot and ankle surgery, i.e., the relationship between metatarsus primus elevatus (MPE) and hallux rigidus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate several radiographic parameters including first metatarsal elevation in patients with hallux rigidus compared to a matched control group. A retrospective case control study was performed including 50 feet, 25 feet with and 25 feet without hallux rigidus. In the patients with hallux rigidus, the first metatarsal was more elevated than in the control group (8.3 ± 1.7 mm vs 3.0 ± 2.0 mm, p < .001) and in 60% of patients with hallux rigidus MPE was diagnosed, compared to zero patients in the control group (p < .001). The lateral 1 to 2 intermetatarsal angle was higher in patients with hallux rigidus (3.6 ± 2.5 vs -0.7 ± 2.8; p < .001). The first metatarsal declination angle was not different between the 2 groups. Intraclass correlation coefficient between 2 observers for measuring the first metatarsal elevation was 0.929 (p < .001). In the current study, increased elevation of the first metatarsal, a higher incidence of MPE and increased lateral 1 to 2 intermetatarsal angle were found in patients with hallux rigidus compared to the control group. These findings support the theory of an association between MPE and hallux rigidus. Further high reliability of first metatarsal elevation measurement was found in our study.

Ankle Joint Pressure in Supination-External Rotation Injuries: A Biomechanical Study in an Unrestrained Cadaver Model.

BACKGROUND: Previous biomechanical studies simulating supination-external rotation (SER) IV injuries revealed different alterations in contact area and peak pressure. We investigated joint reaction forces and radiographic parameters in an unrestrained, more physiological setup. METHODS: Twelve lower leg specimens were destabilized stepwise by osteotomy of the fibula (SER II) and transection of the superficial (SER IVa) and the deep deltoid ligament (SER IVb) according to the Lauge-Hansen classification. Sensors in the ankle joint recorded tibio-talar pressure changes with axial loading at 700 N in neutral position, 10° of dorsiflexion, and 20° of plantarflexion. Radiographs were taken for each step. RESULTS: Three of 12 specimen collapsed during SER IVb. In the neutral position, the peak pressure and contact area changed insignificantly from 2.6 ± 0.5 mPa (baseline) to 3.0 ± 1.4 mPa (SER IVb) (P = .35) and from 810 ± 42 mm2 to 735 ± 27 mm2 (P = .08), respectively. The corresponding medial clear space (MCS) increased significantly from 2.5 ± 0.4 mm (baseline) to 3.9 ± 1.1 mm (SER IVb) (P = .028).The position of the ankle joint had a decisive effect on contact area (P = .00), center of force (P = .00) and MCS (P = .01). CONCLUSION: Simulated SER IVb injuries demonstrated radiological, but no biomechanical changes. This should be considered for surgical decision making based on MCS width on weightbearing radiographs. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE: Not applicable. Biomechanical study.

Limited Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Calcaneal Fractures.

BACKGROUND: The treatment of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures remains a challenge and the optimal approach is still controversial. The main reason to avoid the extended lateral approach is the high complication rate due to wound healing problems. We report on 16 years of experience with a standardized limited open reduction and internal fixation technique. METHODS: Between 2001 and 2017, we prospectively followed 240 consecutive patients operatively treated for a displaced intra-articular calcaneal fracture. Patients with open, multiple, bilateral, extra-articular, and Sanders IV fractures and those lost to follow-up were excluded. A lateral subtalar approach was used, with a cast for 8 weeks and full weightbearing allowed after 12 weeks. Follow-up examinations were scheduled until 24 months. Subjective and clinical assessment included gait abnormality, subtalar and ankle range of motion, and stability and alignment. The American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) hindfoot score was calculated. Alignment was analyzed on standard radiographs. In total, 131 patients were excluded. The remaining 109 patients were followed for a minimum of 24 months (34.4 ± 14.2 [range, 24-102] months). RESULTS: The mean AOFAS score was 87 ± 13 (range, 32-100). "Excellent" and "good" results, as well as hindfoot motion with "normal/mild" and "moderate" restrictions, were seen in 80% of patients. Early reoperations were performed for insufficient reduction (2 patients), delayed wound healing (debridement, 3 patients), and hematoma (1 patient). Late revisions were arthrodesis (3 patients), medializing calcaneal osteotomy (1 patient), and implant removal (53 patients; 49%). CONCLUSION: The presented approach has remained unmodified for 16 years and resulted in consistently good functional results. The main disadvantage was the high rate of heel screw removal. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, retrospective case series.

Prospective Use of a Standardized Nonoperative Early Weightbearing Protocol for Achilles Tendon Rupture: 17 Years of Experience.

BACKGROUND: Acute traumatic rupture of the Achilles tendon can be treated operatively or nonoperatively. Throughout the literature, there is no consensus regarding the optimal treatment protocol. PURPOSE: To report on 17 years of experience with treating this injury with a standardized nonoperative treatment protocol. STUDY DESIGN: Case Series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: The treatment protocol was based on a combination of an equinus cast and rehabilitation boot, which promoted immediate full weightbearing and early functional rehabilitation. A total of 171 patients were consecutively treated and prospectively followed from 1996 to 2013. Assessed were subjective parameters such as pain, loss of strength, return to previous activity level, meteosensitivity, and general satisfaction with the treatment outcome. Clinical assessment included testing of plantar flexion strength and endurance, calf circumference, and tendon length. Subjective and clinical parameters were then used to calculate a modified Thermann score. The correlation between tendon lengthening and function was calculated using the Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS: A total of 114 patients were followed for a minimum of 12 months (mean, 27 ± 20 months; range, 12-88 months). The mean Thermann score was 82 ± 13 (range, 41-100), and subjective satisfaction was rated "very good" and "good" in 90%. An inverse correlation was found between tendon length and muscle strength (R = -0.3). There were 11 reruptures (8 with and 3 without an adequate trauma). General complications were 5 deep venous thromboses, 1 complex regional pain syndrome, and minor problems such as transient heel pain (n = 3), heel numbness (n = 1), and cast-associated skin abrasions (n = 4). CONCLUSION: Seventeen years of experience with a nonoperative treatment protocol for acute rupture of the Achilles tendon confirmed good functional outcome and patient satisfaction. Reruptures mostly occurred with new traumatic events in the vulnerable phase from 6 to 12 weeks after the initial injury. Muscle strength correlated to tendon length, making its assessment a crucial follow-up parameter. The protective equinus cast and boot can protect against excessive tendon lengthening during the healing process.

Non-surgical treatment of pain associated with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction: study protocol for a randomised clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Symptoms associated with pes planovalgus or flatfeet occur frequently, even though some people with a flatfoot deformity remain asymptomatic. Pes planovalgus is proposed to be associated with foot/ankle pain and poor function. Concurrently, the multifactorial weakness of the tibialis posterior muscle and its tendon can lead to a flattening of the longitudinal arch of the foot. Those affected can experience functional impairment and pain. Less severe cases at an early stage are eligible for non-surgical treatment and foot orthoses are considered to be the first line approach. Furthermore, strengthening of arch and ankle stabilising muscles are thought to contribute to active compensation of the deformity leading to stress relief of soft tissue structures. There is only limited evidence concerning the numerous therapy approaches, and so far, no data are available showing functional benefits that accompany these interventions. METHODS: After clinical diagnosis and clarification of inclusion criteria (e.g., age 40-70, current complaint of foot and ankle pain more than three months, posterior tibial tendon dysfunction stage I & II, longitudinal arch flattening verified by radiography), sixty participants with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction associated complaints will be included in the study and will be randomly assigned to one of three different intervention groups: (i) foot orthoses only (FOO), (ii) foot orthoses and eccentric exercise (FOE), or (iii) sham foot orthoses only (FOS). Participants in the FOO and FOE groups will be allocated individualised foot orthoses, the latter combined with eccentric exercise for ankle stabilisation and strengthening of the tibialis posterior muscle. Participants in the FOS group will be allocated sham foot orthoses only. During the intervention period of 12 weeks, all participants will be encouraged to follow an educational program for dosed foot load management (e.g., to stop activity if they experience increasing pain). Functional impairment will be evaluated pre- and post-intervention by the Foot Function Index. Further outcome measures include the Pain Disability Index, Visual Analogue Scale for pain, SF-12, kinematic data from 3D-movement analysis and neuromuscular activity during level and downstairs walking. Measuring outcomes pre- and post-intervention will allow the calculation of intervention effects by 3×3 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures. DISCUSSION: The purpose of this randomised trial is to evaluate the therapeutic benefit of three different non-surgical treatment regimens in participants with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction and accompanying pes planovalgus. Furthermore, the analysis of changes in gait mechanics and neuromuscular control will contribute to an enhanced understanding of functional changes and eventually optimise conservative management strategies for these patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Protocol Registration System: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT01839669.

Conservative treatment of asymmetric ankle osteoarthritis.

This review article summarizes the currently available (poor) evidence of conservative treatment of asymmetric ankle osteoarthritis in the literature and adds the authors' experience with the particular technique. The use of dietary supplementation, viscosupplementation, platelet-rich plasma, nonsteroidal anti-inflammotory drugs, corticosteroid injections, physical therapy, shoe modifications and orthoses, and patient's education in asymmetric ankle osteoarthritis is outlined. There definitively is a place for conservative treatment with reasonable success in patients whose ankles do not qualify anymore for joint-preserving surgery and in patients with medical or orthopedic contraindications for realignment surgery, total ankle replacement, and ankle arthrodesis.

Ankle joint pressure changes in a pes cavovarus model: supramalleolar valgus osteotomy versus lateralizing calcaneal osteotomy.

BACKGROUND: A fixed cavovarus foot deformity can be associated with anteromedial ankle arthrosis due to elevated medial joint contact stresses. Supramalleolar valgus osteotomies (SMOT) and lateralizing calcaneal osteotomies (LCOT) are commonly used to treat symptoms by redistributing joint contact forces. In a cavovarus model, the effects of SMOT and LCOT on the lateralization of the center of force (COF) and reduction of the peak pressure in the ankle joint were compared. METHODS: A previously published cavovarus model with fixed hindfoot varus was simulated in 10 cadaver specimens. Closing wedge supramalleolar valgus osteotomies 3 cm above the ankle joint level (6 and 11 degrees) and lateral sliding calcaneal osteotomies (5 and 10 mm displacement) were analyzed at 300 N axial static load (half body weight). The COF migration and peak pressure decrease in the ankle were recorded using high-resolution TekScan pressure sensors. RESULTS: A significant lateral COF shift was observed for each osteotomy: 2.1 mm for the 6 degrees (P = .014) and 2.3 mm for the 11 degrees SMOT (P = .010). The 5 mm LCOT led to a lateral shift of 2.0 mm (P = .042) and the 10 mm LCOT to a shift of 3.0 mm (P = .006). Comparing the different osteotomies among themselves no significant differences were recorded. No significant anteroposterior COF shift was seen. A significant peak pressure reduction was recorded for each osteotomy: The SMOT led to a reduction of 29% (P = .033) for the 6 degrees and 47% (P = .003) for the 11 degrees osteotomy, and the LCOT to a reduction of 41% (P = .003) for the 5 mm and 49% (P = .002) for the 10 mm osteotomy. Similar to the COF lateralization no significant differences between the osteotomies were seen. CONCLUSION: LCOT and SMOT significantly reduced anteromedial ankle joint contact stresses in this cavovarus model. The unloading effects of both osteotomies were equivalent. More correction did not lead to significantly more lateralization of the COF or more reduction of peak pressure but a trend was seen. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In patients with fixed cavovarus feet, both SMOT and LCOT provided equally good redistribution of elevated ankle joint contact forces. Increasing the amount of displacement did not seem to equally improve the joint pressures. The site of osteotomy could therefore be chosen on the basis of surgeon's preference, simplicity, or local factors in case of more complex reconstructions.

Ankle dorsiflexion arthrodesis to salvage Chopart's amputation with anterior skin insufficiency.

BACKGROUND: In Chopart-level amputations the heel often deviates into equinus and varus when, due to the lack of healthy anterior soft tissue, rebalancing tendon transfers to the talar head are not possible. Consequently, anterior and lateral wound dehiscence and ulceration may occur requiring higher-level amputation to achieve wound closure, with considerable loss of function for the patients. METHODS: Twenty-four consecutive patients (15 diabetes, 6 trauma, and 3 tumor) had Chopart's amputation and simultaneous or delayed additional ankle dorsiflexion arthrodesis to allow for tension-free wound closure or soft tissue reconstruction, or to treat secondary recurrent ulcerations. Percutaneous Achilles tendon lengthening and subtalar arthrodesis were added as needed. Wound healing problems, time to fusion and full weight-bearing in the prosthesis, complications in the prosthesis, and the ambulatory status were assessed. Satisfaction and function were evaluated by the AmpuPro score and the validated Prosthesis Evaluation Questionnaire scale. RESULTS: Five patients had successful soft tissue healing and fusions but died of their underlying disease 2 to 46 months after the operation. Two diabetic patients required a transtibial amputation. The other 17 patients were followed for 27 months (range, 13-63). The average age of the 4 women and 13 men was 53.9 years (range, 16-87). Postoperative complications included minor wound healing problems in 8 patients, wound breakdown requiring revision in 4, phantom pain in 3, residual equinus in 1, and adjacent scar carcinoma in 1 patient. The time to full weight-bearing in the prosthesis ranged from 6 to 24 weeks (mean 10). The mean AmpuPro score was 107 points (of 120), and the mean Prosthesis Evaluation Questionnaire scale was 147 points (of 200). No complications occurred with the prosthesis. Twelve patients lost 1 to 2 mobility classes (mean 0.9). The arthrodeses all healed within 2.5 months (range, 1.5 to 5 months). CONCLUSION: Adding an ankle arthrodesis to a Chopart's amputation either immediately or in a delayed fashion to treat anterior soft tissue complications was a successful salvage in most patients at this amputation level. It enabled the patients to preserve the advantages of a full-length limb with terminal weight-bearing. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, retrospective case series.

Cavovarus foot realignment to treat anteromedial ankle arthrosis.

BACKGROUND: Adult patients with cavovarus feet were seen with symptomatic anteromedial ankle arthrosis and, frequently, lateral hindfoot instability. Static and dynamic realignment was performed to redistribute joint contact pressures and restore stability. METHODS: Thirteen patients with fixed cavovarus feet (6 neurogenic, 7 idiopathic; 6 with hindfoot instability, 7 without) and mild to moderate anteromedial ankle arthrosis were treated by osteotomies and tendon transfers but no lateral ligament reconstruction. Anteromedial cheilectomy of the ankle was added to increase dorsiflexion and alleviate anteromedial impingement. RESULTS: Failure occurred in 2 patients, who required additional procedures. The remaining 11 patients improved from preoperative 45 to 71 points (American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot Scale score) at the latest follow-up (average 84 months). Ankle dorsiflexion improved 7 degrees on average. There was no recurrent hindfoot instability and no progression of anteromedial ankle arthrosis over time. CONCLUSION: Cavovarus foot realignment with anteromedial ankle cheilectomy reliably improved patients' symptoms related to ankle arthrosis, restored lateral hindfoot stability, and stabilized the extent of anteromedial ankle arthrosis when talar varus tilt was reduced. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, retrospective case series.

Ankle arthrodesis versus total ankle replacement: how do I decide?

Taking into account numerous individual criteria, the correct indication substantially influences the outcome of patients with end-stage ankle arthritis treated by ankle arthrodesis or total ankle replacement. The purpose of this report is to assist the foot and ankle surgeon or orthopedic surgeon involved in choosing ankle arthrodesis or total ankle replacement in decision-making. Balancing the criteria that are discussed in consideration of the recent relevant literature and evidence available, the surgeon is directed to the correct individual decision.

Axial T2 mapping in intervertebral discs: a new technique for assessment of intervertebral disc degeneration.

OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the potential benefits of biochemical axial T2 mapping of intervertebral discs (IVDs) regarding the detection and grading of early stages of degenerative disc disease using 1.5-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a clinical setting. METHODS: Ninety-three patients suffering from lumbar spine problems were examined using standard MRI protocols including an axial T2 mapping protocol. All discs were classified morphologically and grouped as "healthy" or "abnormal". Differences between groups were analysed regarding to the specific T2 pattern at different regions of interest (ROIs). RESULTS: Healthy intervertebral discs revealed a distinct cross-sectional T2 value profile: T2 values were significantly lower in the annulus fibrosus compared with the nucleus pulposus (P = 0.01). In abnormal IVDs, T2 values were significantly lower, especially towards the centre of the disc representing the expected decreased water content of the nucleus (P = 0.01). In herniated discs, ROIs within the nucleus pulposus and ROIs covering the annulus fibrosus showed decreased T2 values. CONCLUSIONS: Axial T2 mapping is effective to detect early stages of degenerative disc disease. There is a potential benefit of axial T2 mapping as a diagnostic tool, allowing the quantitative assessment of intervertebral disc degeneration.

Hindfoot varus and neurologic disorders.

Muscle imbalance from numerous underlying neurologic disorders can cause dynamic and static hindfoot varus deformity. Most etiologies are congenital, and therefore affect bone morphology and the shape of the foot during growth. Weak and strong muscle groups, bone deformity, and soft-tissue contractures have to be carefully assessed and considered for successful management. Because of the variety of the etiologies and the differences in presentation, treatment decisions in varus hindfoot caused by neurologic disorders must be individualized. Deformity correction includes release of soft tissue contractures, osteotomies and arthrodeses, and tenotomies or tendon transfers to balance muscle strength and prevent recurrence. To decrease elevated anteromedial ankle joint contact stress and provide lateral hindfoot stability during the entire gait cycle, the goal of static and dynamic hindfoot varus realignment is to fully correct all components of the deformity, but particularly the varus tilt of the talus.

The postoperative COFAS end-stage ankle arthritis classification system: interobserver and intraobserver reliability.

End-stage ankle arthritis is operatively treated with numerous designs of total ankle replacement and different techniques for ankle fusion. For superior comparison of these procedures, outcome research requires a classification system to stratify patients appropriately. A postoperative 4-type classification system was designed by 6 fellowship-trained foot and ankle surgeons. Four surgeons reviewed blinded patient profiles and radiographs on 2 occasions to determine the interobserver and intraobserver reliability of the classification. Excellent interobserver reliability (κ = .89) and intraobserver reproducibility (κ = .87) were demonstrated for the postoperative classification system. In conclusion, the postoperative Canadian Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (COFAS) end-stage ankle arthritis classification system appears to be a valid tool to evaluate the outcome of patients operated for end-stage ankle arthritis.

Impact of complications in total ankle replacement and ankle arthrodesis analyzed with a validated outcome measurement.

BACKGROUND: Major modifications in the design and techniques of total ankle replacement have challenged the perception that ankle arthrodesis is the treatment of choice for end-stage ankle arthritis. High complication and revision rates have been reported after both procedures. METHODS: We performed radiographic evaluations at a mean of thirty-nine months following 114 total ankle replacements done with use of commonly used implants and at a mean of thirty-seven months following forty-seven ankle arthrodeses. The mean age was sixty-four years for the patients (fifty-one female and sixty-three male) who underwent total ankle replacement and fifty-nine years in the patients (fifteen female and thirty-two male) who underwent ankle arthrodesis. The impact of complications was analyzed with use of the Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale (AOS), a validated outcome instrument. RESULTS: Both groups had significant improvement in the mean AOS score (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the mean improvement between the two groups (p = 0.96). The complication rate was 54% following total ankle replacement and 26% following ankle arthrodesis, which was a significant difference (p = 0.003). The impact of major complications on the AOS outcome score was significant in both the total ankle replacement group (p = 0.031) and the ankle arthrodesis group (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: At the time of follow-up, at a minimum of two years postoperatively, the outcomes of total ankle replacement and ankle arthrodesis, with regard to pain relief and function, were comparable. While the rate of complications was significantly higher following total ankle replacement, the impact of complications on outcome was clinically relevant in both groups.

Preservation of lesser metatarsophalangeal joints in rheumatoid forefoot reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: A standard rheumatoid forefoot reconstruction consists of arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint and resection arthroplasty of the lesser metatarsal heads. However, preservation of the metatarsal heads has gained renewed interest since the medical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis has improved dramatically. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Nineteen consecutive patients with severe rheumatoid forefoot deformities underwent 24 forefoot reconstructions including first MTP arthrodesis with lesser MTP resection arthroplasty (resection arthroplasty group, ten feet), arthrolysis (arthrolysis group, six feet), or a combination of both (combined group, eight feet). Subjective, functional, and radiographic results were evaluated at 28 and 133 months (mean) followup. RESULTS: The overall AOFAS Forefoot Score at short- and long-term followup improved significantly (all p < 0.0001). There were no substantial differences between groups with regard to subjective rating, function, use of orthopaedic aids or shoewear, and walking capacity. Radiographic evaluation revealed a significant increase in axial malalignment of the lesser toes at long-term followup in all groups (all p < 0.018). Sagittal malalignment increased substantially in the resection arthroplasty group only. Reoperation rate was comparable among all groups, and a single third MTP arthrolysis (3%, 1/40) was converted to resection arthroplasty. CONCLUSION: In combination with first MTP arthrodesis, arthrolysis with preservation of all or only the lateral lesser MTP joints in rheumatoid forefoot reconstruction was a viable and durable alternative to resection arthroplasty when the joint destruction was mild to moderate.

Ankle joint pressure changes in a pes cavovarus model after lateralizing calcaneal osteotomies.

BACKGROUND: Tendon transfers and calcaneal osteotomies are commonly used to treat symptoms related to medial ankle arthrosis in fixed pes cavovarus. However, the relative effect of these osteotomies in terms of lateralizing the ground contact point of the hindfoot and redistributing ankle joint contact stresses are unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pes cavovarus with fixed hindfoot varus was simulated in eight cadaver specimens. The effect of three types of calcaneal osteotomies on the migration of the center of force and tibiotalar peak pressure at 300 N axial static load (half-body weight) were recorded using pressure sensors. RESULTS: A significant lateral shift of the center of force was observed: 4.9 mm for the laterally closing Z-shaped osteotomy with additional lateralization of the tuberosity, 3.4 mm for the lateral sliding osteotomy of the calcaneal tuberosity, and 2.7 mm for the laterally closing Z-shaped osteotomy (all p < 0.001). A significant peak pressure reduction was recorded: -0.53 MPa for the Z-shaped osteotomy with lateralization, -0.58 MPa for the lateral sliding osteotomy of the calcaneal tuberosity, and -0.41 MPa for the Z-shaped osteotomy (all p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: This cadaver study supports the hypothesis that lateralizing calcaneal osteotomies substantially help to normalize ankle contact stresses in pes cavovarus.

Biochemical T2* MR quantification of ankle arthrosis in pes cavovarus.

Pes cavovarus affects the ankle biomechanics and may lead to ankle arthrosis. Quantitative T2 STAR (T2*) magnetic resonance (MR) mapping allows high resolution of thin cartilage layers and quantitative grading of cartilage degeneration. Detection of ankle arthrosis using T2* mapping in cavovarus feet was evaluated. Eleven cavovarus patients with symptomatic ankle arthrosis (13 feet, mean age 55.6 years, group 1), 10 cavovarus patients with no or asymptomatic, mild ankle arthrosis (12 feet, mean age 41.8 years, group 2), and 11 controls without foot deformity (18 feet, mean age 29.8 years, group 3) had quantitative T2* MR mapping. Additional assessment included plain radiographs and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score (groups 1 and 2 only). Mean global T2* relaxation time was significantly different between groups 1 and 2 (p = 0.001) and groups 1 and 3 (p = 0.017), but there was no significance for decreased global T2* values in group 2 compared to group 3 (p = 0.345). Compared to the medial compartment T2* values of the lateral compartment were significantly (p = 0.025) higher within group 1. T2* values in the medial ankle joint compartment of group 2 were significantly lower than those of group 1 (p = 0.019). Ankle arthrosis on plain radiographs and the AOFAS score correlated significantly with T2* values in the medial compartment of group 1 (p = 0.04 and 0.039, respectively). Biochemical, quantitative T2* MR mapping is likely effective to evaluate ankle arthrosis in cavovarus feet but further studies are required.

Inter- and intraobserver reliability of the COFAS end-stage ankle arthritis classification system.

BACKGROUND: End-stage ankle arthritis should have an appropriate classification to assist surgeons in the management of end-stage ankle arthritis. Outcomes research also requires a classification system to stratify patients appropriately. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six fellowship trained foot and ankle surgeons met on two occasions to derive a classification system for end-stage ankle arthritis. A four-part classification system was designed. Four surgeons reviewed blinded patient profiles and radiographs on two occasions to determine the inter- and intraobserver reliability. RESULTS: Good interobserver reliability (kappa = 0.62) and intraobserver reproducibility (kappa = 0.72) was demonstrated for the classification system. CONCLUSION: The COFAS classification system appears to be a valid tool for the management and research of end-stage ankle arthritis.