ABSTRACT
The investigation of drinking refusal self-efficacy and alcohol protective behavioral strategies (PBSA) has revealed inconsistent results. Sex may be one factor that plays a role in these results given the demonstrable differences between the alcohol use behaviors of men and women. The current study examined the moderating effects of drinking refusal self-efficacy and sex on the relationships that PBSA subtypes have with alcohol outcomes for traditional age undergraduate students (18-25â¯years of age; 81% women; 60% White). Results showed negative associations between manner of drinking PBSA and alcohol consumption for individuals with high levels of drinking refusal self-efficacy but not low levels of drinking refusal self-efficacy. However, manner of drinking PBSA was positively associated with alcohol-related negative consequences for men but not for women. Results also showed negative associations between stopping and limiting drinking PBSA and alcohol related negative consequences for individuals with high levels of drinking refusal self-efficacy but not low levels of drinking refusal self-efficacy. It appears that addressing drinking refusal self-efficacy within the context of PBSA is valuable for traditional college students.
Subject(s)
Alcohol Drinking in College , Harm Reduction , Self Efficacy , Social Behavior , Adolescent , Adult , Alcohol Drinking , Female , Humans , Male , Sex Factors , Students , Universities , Young AdultABSTRACT
Drinking refusal self-efficacy has recently emerged as a potential factor related to reduced alcohol consumption and alcohol-related negative consequences in college students. The Drinking Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire-Revised (DRSEQ-R) has been commonly used to assess for drinking refusal self-efficacy. However, psychometric evaluation of the measure with college students from the United States is needed to enhance its research and clinical utility. The goal of the present study was to confirm the factor structure of the DRSEQ-R with a sample of traditional aged college students from the United States as well as assess the measurement invariance of the factor structure across sex and race and the measure's convergent validity with other common alcohol use measures. Traditional age college students (nâ¯=â¯1683, 73% women; 63% White, non-Hispanic) completed measures of drink refusal self-efficacy, protective behavioral strategies, weekly alcohol use, hazardous drinking, and alcohol-related negative consequences. Using exploratory factor analysis and multi-group confirmatory factor analyses, a three-factor structure was identified, but, unlike the DRSEQ-R, one item loaded onto the opportunistic relief factor instead of the social pressure factor. The proposed model registered more reliable internal consistencies across the subscales, was invariant across sex and race, and demonstrated acceptable convergent validity with other commonly used alcohol measures. The proposed model for the DRSE-R may be a more psychometrically sound way to assess for drinking refusal self-efficacy among college students in the United States. Implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed.
Subject(s)
Alcohol Drinking in College , Self Efficacy , Students , Adolescent , Choice Behavior , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Female , Humans , Male , Peer Influence , Psychometrics , Social Behavior , United States , Young AdultSubject(s)
Infant, Premature, Diseases/nursing , Intensive Care, Neonatal/methods , Parent-Child Relations , Physical Stimulation/methods , Touch , Clinical Nursing Research , Germany , Humans , Infant, Extremely Low Birth Weight , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Premature, Diseases/psychology , Object AttachmentSubject(s)
Nurse Clinicians , Patient Admission , Patient Education as Topic , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Nursing ResearchABSTRACT
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to study the prevalence of the macrolide resistance genes ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA/msrB, ereA and ereB, in 851 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and 75 clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecium that were erythromycin resistant. The isolates were from 24 European university hospitals. In S. aureus, the ermA gene was more common in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates (88%) than in methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates (38%), and occurred mainly in strains with constitutive MLS(B) expression. In contrast, ermC was more common in MSSA (47%) than in MRSA (5%), occurring mainly in strains with inducible expression. The ereB gene was only found in MRSA isolates expressing a constitutive MLS(B) phenotype (1%). The ereA gene was not detected. Macrolide resistance by efflux due to the msrA/msrB gene was only detected in MSSA isolates (13%). In contrast to S. aureus, erythromycin resistance in E. faecium was almost exclusively due to the presence of the ermB gene (93%).
