The Radiosurgery Society Case-Based Discussion of the Management of Head and Neck or Skull Base Paragangliomas with Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Radiotherapy.

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT) have been used for the treatment of head and neck or skull base paraganglioma for a considerable time, demonstrating promising local control rates and a favorable safety profile compared with surgical approaches. Nevertheless, the choice of treatment must be carefully tailored to each patient's preferences, tumor location, and size, as well as anticipated treatment-related morbidity. This case-based review serves as a practical and concise guide for the use of SRS and FSRT in the management of head and neck or skull base paragangliomas, providing information on the diagnosis, treatment, follow-up considerations, and potential pitfalls.

Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy: A Radiosurgery Society Guide to the Treatment of Localized Prostate Cancer Illustrated by Challenging Cases.

Traditionally, external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) for localized prostate cancer (PCa) involved lengthy courses with low daily doses. However, advancements in radiation delivery and a better understanding of prostate radiobiology have enabled the development of shorter courses of EBRT. Ultrahypofractionated radiotherapy, administering doses greater than 5 Gy per fraction, is now considered a standard of care regimen for localized PCa, particularly for intermediate-risk disease. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), a specific type of ultrahypofractionated radiotherapy employing advanced planning, imaging, and treatment technology to deliver in five or fewer fractions, is gaining prominence as a cost-effective, convenient, and safe alternative to longer radiotherapy courses. It is crucial to address practical considerations related to patient selection, fractionation scheme, target delineation, and planning objectives. This is especially important in challenging clinical situations where clear evidence for guidance may be lacking. The Radiosurgery Society endorses this case-based guide with the aim of providing a practical framework for delivering SBRT to the intact prostate, exemplified by two case studies. The article will explore common SBRT dose/fractionation schemes and dose constraints for organs-at-risk. Additionally, it will review existing evidence and expert opinions on topics such as SBRT dose escalation, the use of rectal spacers, the role of androgen deprivation therapy in the context of SBRT, SBRT in special patient populations (e.g., high-risk disease, large prostate, high baseline urinary symptom burdens, and inflammatory bowel disease), as well as new imaging-guidance techniques like Magnetic Resonance Imaging for SBRT delivery.

Larotrectinib in NTRK Fusion-Positive High-Grade Glioneuronal Tumor: A Case Report.

Glioneuronal tumors are rare central nervous system tumors with heterogeneous histological and molecular features. While the majority are low grade, a small percentage can behave aggressively. Due to the rarity of these tumors, there is no consensus on how to treat high-grade glioneuronal tumors, and they are often managed similarly to glial tumors. With the advent of molecular profiling, management decisions are increasingly determined by molecular alterations in the tumor rather than the tumor type, which can be a useful approach for tumor types that do not have robust supportive clinical trial data due to low prevalence. We present a case of an 18-year-old patient with a high-grade glioneuronal neoplasm initially treated with craniospinal irradiation, vincristine, and cyclophosphamide. He presented eight years later with a recurrent tumor and was found to be positive for MEF2D-NTRK1 fusion. He was treated with surgical resection and postoperative intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT; 55.8 Gy) with concurrent temozolomide, followed by the NTRK inhibitor larotrectinib. He achieved a radiographic response, with a decrease in residual enhancement and radiographic improvement over the course of treatment. He remained in clinical and radiographic remission for six months. This demonstrates the successful treatment of a high-grade glioneuronal NTRK fusion-positive tumor with larotrectinib, which has only been previously reported once in the literature.

Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy versus lobectomy for operable stage I non-small-cell lung cancer: a pooled analysis of two randomised trials.

BACKGROUND: The standard of care for operable, stage I, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is lobectomy with mediastinal lymph node dissection or sampling. Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) for inoperable stage I NSCLC has shown promising results, but two independent, randomised, phase 3 trials of SABR in patients with operable stage I NSCLC (STARS and ROSEL) closed early due to slow accrual. We aimed to assess overall survival for SABR versus surgery by pooling data from these trials. METHODS: Eligible patients in the STARS and ROSEL studies were those with clinical T1-2a (<4 cm), N0M0, operable NSCLC. Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to SABR or lobectomy with mediastinal lymph node dissection or sampling. We did a pooled analysis in the intention-to-treat population using overall survival as the primary endpoint. Both trials are registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (STARS: NCT00840749; ROSEL: NCT00687986). FINDINGS: 58 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned (31 to SABR and 27 to surgery). Median follow-up was 40·2 months (IQR 23·0-47·3) for the SABR group and 35·4 months (18·9-40·7) for the surgery group. Six patients in the surgery group died compared with one patient in the SABR group. Estimated overall survival at 3 years was 95% (95% CI 85-100) in the SABR group compared with 79% (64-97) in the surgery group (hazard ratio [HR] 0·14 [95% CI 0·017-1·190], log-rank p=0·037). Recurrence-free survival at 3 years was 86% (95% CI 74-100) in the SABR group and 80% (65-97) in the surgery group (HR 0·69 [95% CI 0·21-2·29], log-rank p=0·54). In the surgery group, one patient had regional nodal recurrence and two had distant metastases; in the SABR group, one patient had local recurrence, four had regional nodal recurrence, and one had distant metastases. Three (10%) patients in the SABR group had grade 3 treatment-related adverse events (three [10%] chest wall pain, two [6%] dyspnoea or cough, and one [3%] fatigue and rib fracture). No patients given SABR had grade 4 events or treatment-related death. In the surgery group, one (4%) patient died of surgical complications and 12 (44%) patients had grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events. Grade 3 events occurring in more than one patient in the surgery group were dyspnoea (four [15%] patients), chest pain (four [15%] patients), and lung infections (two [7%]). INTERPRETATION: SABR could be an option for treating operable stage I NSCLC. Because of the small patient sample size and short follow-up, additional randomised studies comparing SABR with surgery in operable patients are warranted. FUNDING: Accuray Inc, Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development, NCI Cancer Center Support, NCI Clinical and Translational Science Award.

Best of the Radiosurgery Society® Scientific Meeting 2014: stereotactic radiosurgery/stereotactic body radiotherapy treatment of extracranial and intracranial lesions.

The SRS/SBRT Scientific Meeting 2014, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 7-10 May 2014. The Radiosurgery Society(®), a professional medical society dedicated to advancing the field of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), held the international Radiosurgery Society Scientific Meeting, from 7-10 May 2014 in Minneapolis (MN, USA). This year's conference attracted over 400 attendants from around the world and featured over 100 presentations (46 oral) describing the role of SRS/SBRT for the treatment of intracranial and extracranial malignant and nonmalignant lesions. This article summarizes the meeting highlights for SRS/SBRT treatments, both intracranial and extracranial, in a concise review.

Health related quality of life and cognitive status in patients with glioblastoma multiforme receiving escalating doses of conformal three dimensional radiation on RTOG 98-03.

The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) embarked on a phase I/II study of patients suffering from glioblastoma multiforme (protocol 98-03) to assess the impact of dose escalation with 3-D conformal techniques. The primary endpoints were feasibility and survival. This report describes the outcome of secondary endpoints (quality of life and neurocognitive function). Patients with supratentorial GBM were treated with a combination of carmustine (BCNU) and conformal irradiation (dose levels: 66, 72, 78, 84 Gy, respectively). Quality of Life was assessed with the Spitzer Quality of Life Index. Neurocognitive function was determined by the Mini Mental Status Examination. The latter tests were administered at the start of irradiation, at the end of irradiation and then at 4 month intervals. Relatively high compliance was achieved with both of the tools (SQLI; MMSE). Overall rates of survival between baseline SQLI scores <7 and 7-10 were statistically significantly different [HR = 1.72, 95% CI (1.22, 2.4), P = 0.0015]. The significant impact of high SQLI score on survival was preserved in multivariate analysis. The component of this index which made the greatest contribution was the patient's independence. There was continual deterioration of neurocognitive function within the populations studied. No correlation was seen between dose escalation and the secondary endpoints studied. Radiation dose escalation and assessment of its impact on life quality and neurocognition can be carried out in a large international trial. Baseline SQLI is a statistically significant determinant of survival. Those who maintain independence have superior survival to those who are reliant on others.

Hypofractionated CyberKnife radiosurgery for perichiasmatic pituitary adenomas: early results.

OBJECTIVE: Radiation therapy is recommended for pituitary tumors that are refractory to surgical and medical therapies. The efficacy of single-fraction radiosurgery is established for these lesions, but lesions within 3 mm of the optic pathway cannot be safely treated with doses higher than 8 to 10 Gy. We hypothesized that the optic nerve will tolerate 5 consecutive daily radiosurgery fractions of 500 cGy with effective tumor control. METHODS: We reviewed our first 20 patients with recurrent or residual pituitary adenomas within 3 mm of the optic chiasm treated with the CyberKnife radiosurgery system (Accuray, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA). Tumors were treated with a mean coverage of 97 +/- 2.2% (range, 89.8-99.7%), a mean conformity index of 1.3 +/- 0.2 (range, 1.1-1.6), and a mean treatment isodose line of 74.5 +/- 6.6% (range, 60-86%). The primary end point was an interim analysis of visual preservation, and secondary end points were radiographic and endocrinological tumor control. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period for visual field testing was 26.6 +/- 10.5 months (range, 10.6-41 months). The vision of all 14 patients with intact preoperative vision remained intact. Of the 5 patients with impaired vision, 2 remained stable, and 3 improved. No patient's vision deteriorated. The mean radiographic follow-up was 29.3 +/- 8.6 months (range, 10.2-40.5 months). On magnetic resonance imaging, 12 tumors were stable, 8 were smaller, and none enlarged. CONCLUSION: This preliminary study establishes that the optic nerve and chiasm tolerate CyberKnife hypofractionated radiosurgery of 5 x 500 cGy to perichiasmatic pituitary adenomas. Early data suggest that this dosing paradigm may achieve satisfactory radiographic and endocrinological tumor control for these challenging lesions, but longer follow-up is necessary to confirm these results.

Spinal cord gliomas: A multi-institutional retrospective analysis.

PURPOSE: To determine the impact of postoperative radiation therapy (POXRT) on outcome in spinal cord gliomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from 242 patients were collected retrospectively from six institutions using a standardized data sheet. Pathology specimens, when available, were centrally reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 183 patients were analyzed: 82 received surgery alone as initial treatment, whereas 101 had surgery and POXRT. Demographic, diagnostic, and treatment factors were analyzed for impact on progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS). PFS in ependymoma patients was 74%, 60%, and 35% at 5, 10, 15 years, respectively, and was significantly influenced by treatment type, race, age, tumor grade, and type of surgery on univariate analysis, with age being the only significant factor on multivariate analysis (MVA) (p = 0.01). OS of ependymoma patients was 91%, 84%, and 75% at 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively, and was significantly influenced by both complete resection (p = 0.04) and age (p = 0.03) on MVA. In astrocytomas, PFS was 42%, 29%, and 15% at 5, 10, and 15 years, and was significantly influenced by POXRT in low- and intermediate-grade tumors on MVA (p = 0.02). OS at 5, 10, and 15 years was 59%, 53%, and 32%, respectively, and was significantly influenced by grade on MVA (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Postoperative radiation therapy reduced disease progression in low- and moderate-grade astrocytomas. In ependymomas, complete resection significantly influenced OS.

Phase III study of efaproxiral as an adjunct to whole-brain radiation therapy for brain metastases.

PURPOSE: To determine whether efaproxiral, an allosteric modifier of hemoglobin, improves survival in patients with brain metastases when used as an adjunct to whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with brain metastases from solid tumors and a Karnofsky performance score of > or = 70 were randomly assigned to receive WBRT with supplemental oxygen and either efaproxiral at 75 or 100 mg/kg (efaproxiral arm) or no efaproxiral (control arm). The primary end point was survival. RESULTS: The study consisted of 515 eligible patients (efaproxiral arm, n = 265; control arm, n = 250). The median survival time (MST) was 5.4 months for the efaproxiral arm versus 4.4 months for the control arm (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.87; P = .16). For the subgroup of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or breast cancer, the MST was 6.0 and 4.4 months, respectively (HR = 0.82; P = .07). Cox multiple regression analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in the risk of death for the efaproxiral arm in both primary populations. Further analysis indicated that the benefit may be restricted to the subgroup of patients with breast cancer. Response rates (radiographic complete response plus partial response) improved by 7% (P = .10) and 13% (P = .01) for all patients and for NSCLC and breast cancer patients in the efaproxiral arm, respectively. The most common severe adverse event in patients treated with efaproxiral was hypoxemia, which was reversible and effectively managed with supplemental oxygen in most patients. CONCLUSION: The addition of efaproxiral, a noncytotoxic radiation sensitizer, to WBRT may improve response rates and survival in patients with brain metastases, particularly metastases from breast cancer. A confirmatory trial for breast cancer patients has been initiated.

Sinonasal leiomyosarcoma: review of literature and case report.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To determine prognosis of primary sinonasal leiomyosarcomas after treatment. STUDY DESIGN: Literature review and case report. METHODS: Review of English literature from MEDLINE and independent sources with the addition of our case. RESULTS: Including our case, 63 cases have been reported. Primary treatment includes resection with or without radiation. Chemotherapy has not been reported to be effective. In our case, however, chemotherapy, consisting of etoposide and high-dose ifosfamide, caused the tumor to shrink significantly. On the basis of a review of all reported cases, the overall survival rate at a mean follow-up of 38.24 month is 66%. The minimal overall survival rates at 5 and 10 years are 20% and 6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The prognosis for primary sinonasal leiomyosarcomas is poor. However, a 10-year survival has been reported in a few patients. Chemotherapy may be a useful adjunct when managing extensive lesions unamenable to curative resection.

A historical perspective of the radiation oncology workforce and ongoing initiatives to impact recruitment and retention.

The field of radiation oncology has evolved into an exceptionally technologically driven and multi-disciplinary discipline over the last two decades. This specialty of medicine is one that requires not only the command of highly complex modalities but also the assembly of a competent and expertly skilled team of medical professionals. Although the profession has grown tremendously in the past years, the workforce has not been able to meet the demands of the practice. A significant shortage of radiation therapists, dosimetrists, and oncology nurses exists in the United States today and will almost certainly increase in severity over the next several years. A similar crisis has been seen in several other countries-most notably Canada and Australia and has contributed to prolonged delays in cancer treatment for many patients.

A historical perspective of the radiation oncology workforce and ongoing initiatives to affect recruitment and retention.

The field of radiation oncology has become exceptionally technologically driven and multidisciplinary over the past two decades. This specialty of medicine is one that requires not only the command of highly complex modalities but also the assembly of a competent and expertly skilled team of medical professionals. Although the profession has grown tremendously in past years, the workforce has not been able to meet the demands of the practice. A significant shortage of radiation therapists, dosimetrists, and oncology nurses exists in the United States today and will almost certainly increase in severity over the next several years. A similar crisis has been seen in several other countries, most notably Canada and Australia, and has contributed to prolonged delays in cancer treatment for many patients.

Adjuvant external beam radiation therapy with concurrent chemotherapy in the management of gallbladder carcinoma.

PURPOSE: This study was performed to evaluate the outcome of patients with gallbladder cancer who received postoperative concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Curative resection followed by adjuvant combined modality therapy with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and chemotherapy was attempted in 21 consecutive gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) patients at the Mayo Clinic from 1985 through 1997. All patients received concurrent 5-fluorouracil during EBRT. EBRT fields encompassed the tumor bed and regional lymph nodes (median dose of 54 Gy in 1.8-2.0-Gy fractions). One patient received 15 Gy intraoperatively after EBRT. A retrospective analysis was performed for the end points of local control, distant failure, and overall survival. RESULTS: After maximal resection, 12 patients had no residual disease on pathologic evaluation, 5 had microscopic residual disease, and 4 had gross residual disease. One patient had Stage I disease, and 20 had Stage III-IV disease. With median follow-up of 5 years (range: 2.6-11.5 years), 5-year survival for the entire cohort was 33%. The 5-year survival rate of patients with Stage I-III disease was 65% vs. 0% for those with Stage IV disease (p < 0.02). For patients with no residual disease, 5-year survival was 64% vs. 0% for those with residual disease (p = 0.002). The median survival was 0.6, 1.4, and 5.1 years for patients with gross residual, microscopic residual, and no residual disease, respectively (p = 0.02). The 5-year local control rate for the entire cohort was 73%. Two-year local control rates were 0%, 80%, and 88% for patients with gross residual, microscopic residual, or no residual disease, respectively (p < 0.01). Five-year local control rates were 100% for the 6 patients who received total EBRT doses >54 Gy (microscopic residual, 3 patients; gross residual, 1 patient; negative but narrow margins, 2 patients) vs. 65% for the 15 who received a lower dose (3, gross residual; 2, microresidual; 10, negative margins). CONCLUSION: Patients with completely resected (negative margins) GBC followed by adjuvant EBRT plus 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy had a relatively favorable prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate of 64%. These results seem to be superior to historical surgical controls from the Mayo Clinic and other institutions, which report 5-year survival rates of approximately 33% with complete resection alone. Both tumor stage and extent of resection seemed to influence survival and local control. More aggressive measures using current cancer therapies and integration of new cancer treatment modalities will be required to favorably impact on the poor prognosis of patients with Stage IV or subtotally resected GBC. Additional investigation leading to earlier diagnosis is warranted, because most patients with GBC present with advanced disease.