Accuracy of Tissue Oxygen Saturation Measurements of a Textile-Based NIRS Sensor.

Pressure injuries (PI) are dangerous tissue lesions that heal very slowly and pose a high risk of serious infections. They are caused by pressure applied to the tissue, which stops blood circulation and therefore induces hypoxia, i.e., low tissue oxygen saturation (StO2). PI cause severe suffering and are expensive to treat. Hence it is essential to prevent them with a device that detects a dangerous situation, e.g., by measuring StO2 using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). For such a device to be wearable without causing PI, it must not introduce pressure points itself. This can be achieved by integrating optical fibers into a textile to transport light to and from the tissue.The aim of this paper is to investigate the accuracy of StO2 measurements using a NIRS device based only on textile-integrated optical fibers.Bundles of fibers were stitched into a textile in such a way that loops of <1 mm diameters were formed at the stitching locations. Detection points (DPs) on the fabric consisted of 8 fibers with 3 loops each. Emission points (EPs) were made from 4 fibers with 3 loops each. All fiber ends of a DP were connected to an avalanche photodiode. One end of each fiber belonging to an EP was connected to an LED (740 nm, 810 nm, or 880 nm; 290, 560, or 610 mW).To verify the accuracy of this textile-based sensor, we placed it on a subject's forearm and compared the derived StO2 during arterial occlusion to the values of a gold-standard NIRS device (ISS Imagent), which was placed on the forearm too.We found that our textile-based sensor repeatedly measured StO2 values over a range of 40% with a deviation of <10% from the reference device.By showing the ability to measure StO2 using textile-integrated optical fibers accurately, we have reached a significant milestone on our way to building a wearable device to monitor tissue health and prevent PI.

Numerical Optimisation of a NIRS Device for Monitoring Tissue Oxygen Saturation.

The present work aims to develop a wearable, textile-integrated NIRS-based tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) monitor for alerting mobility-restricted individuals - such as paraplegics - of critical tissue oxygen de-saturation in the regions such as the sacrum and the ischial tuberosity; these regions are proven to be extremely susceptible to the development of pressure injuries (PI).Using a combination of numerical methods including finite element analysis, image reconstruction, stochastic gradient descent with momentum (SGDm) and genetic algorithms, a methodology was developed to define the optimal combination of wavelengths and source-detector geometry needed for measuring the StO2 in tissue up to depths of 3 cm. The sensor design was optimised to account for physiologically relevant adipose tissue thicknesses (ATT) between 1 mm and 5 mm. The approach assumes only a priori knowledge of the optical properties of each of the three tissue layers used in the model (skin, fat, muscle) based on the absorption and scattering coefficients of four chromophores (O2Hb, HHb, H2O and lipid).The results show that the selected wavelengths as well as the source-detector geometries and number of sources and detectors depend on ATT and the degree and volume of the hypoxic regions. As a result of a genetic algorithm used to combine the various optimised designs into a single sensor layout, a group of four wavelengths was chosen, coinciding with the four chromophores and agreeing very well with literature. The optimised number of source points and detector points and their geometry resulted in good reconstruction of the StO2 across a wide range of layer geometries.

Detectability of low-oxygenated regions in human muscle tissue using near-infrared spectroscopy and phantom models.

The present work aims to describe the detectability limits of hypoxic regions in human muscle under moderate thicknesses of adipose tissue to serve as a groundwork for the development of a wearable device to prevent pressure injuries. The optimal source-detector distances, detection limits, and the spatial resolution of hypoxic volumes in the human muscle are calculated using finite element method-based computer simulations conducted on 3-layer tissue models. Silicone phantoms matching the simulation geometries were manufactured, and their measurement results were compared to the simulations. The simulations showed good agreement with the performed experiments. Our results show detectability of hypoxic volumes under adipose tissue thicknesses of up to 1.5 cm. The maximum tissue depth, at which hypoxic volumes could be detected was 2.8 cm. The smallest detectable hypoxic volume in our study was 1.2 cm3. We thus show the detectability of hypoxic volumes in sizes consistent with those of early-stage pressure injury formation and, consequently, the feasibility of a device to prevent pressure injuries.

Reversible inactivation of CO dehydrogenase with thiol compounds.

Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CO dehydrogenase) from Oligotropha carboxidovorans is a structurally characterized member of the molybdenum hydroxylase enzyme family. It catalyzes the oxidation of CO (CO+H2O→CO2+2e(-)+2H(+)) which proceeds at a unique [CuSMo(O)OH] metal cluster. Because of changing activities of CO dehydrogenase, particularly in subcellular fractions, we speculated whether the enzyme would be subject to regulation by thiols (RSH). Here we establish inhibition of CO dehydrogenase by thiols and report the corresponding Ki-values (mM): l-cysteine (5.2), d-cysteine (9.7), N-acetyl-l-cysteine (8.2), d,l-homocysteine (25.8), l-cysteine-glycine (2.0), dithiothreitol (4.1), coenzyme A (8.3), and 2-mercaptoethanol (9.3). Inhibition of the enzyme was reversed by CO or upon lowering the thiol concentration. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of thiol-inhibited CO dehydrogenase revealed a bimetallic site in which the RSH coordinates to the Cu-ion as a third ligand {[Mo(VI)(O)OH(2)SCu(I)(SR)S-Cys]} leaving the redox state of the Cu(I) and the Mo(VI) unchanged. Collectively, our findings establish a regulation of CO dehydrogenase activity by thiols in vitro. They also corroborate the hypothesis that CO interacts with the Cu-ion first. The result that thiol compounds much larger than CO can freely travel through the substrate channel leading to the bimetallic cluster challenges previous concepts involving chaperone function and is of importance for an understanding how the sulfuration step in the assembly of the bimetallic cluster might proceed.

Accuracy of single-session extracranial radiotherapy for simple shaped lung tumor or metastasis using fast 3-D CT treatment planning.

BACKGROUND: This study is situated in the area of measuring set-up accuracy and time periods of single-session extracranial radiotherapy (SSRT) for simple-shaped targets (e.g., spherical or rotational symmetrical) definitively located in the peripheral lung. METHODS AND MATERIALS: After adaptation of the stereotactic body frame, the patient has to remain in the vacuum pillow during planning computed tomography (CT), fast three-dimensional (3-D) treatment planning, and direct irradiation after verification. Fast preplanning is performed by using virtual simulation software to accelerate the method. RESULTS: In our new procedure, SSRT is applied in approximately 1.5 h. The mean setup accuracy vector was 2.4+/-0.7 mm in the range of 1.34 to 4 mm. Mean intrafractional patient movement in the stereotactic body frame before and after radiation was 0.70 mm+/-0.5 mm and 0.76+/-0.76 mm in the range of 0 to 2.8 mm. Mean time period steps were measured at (1) planning CT with 3-D treatment planning: 76+/-12 min; (2) irradiation and verification: 33+/-7 min; and (3) complete procedure duration: 109+/-11 min (range, 89-169). CONCLUSIONS: The main difference between the positioning technique of SSRT and that of conventional extracranial radiosurgery is the tighter patient fixation, which guarantees minimal patient movement. The main advantages are procedure acceleration and omission of CT simulation. SSRT is a preliminary stage of real-time treatment.

1-molar gadobutrol as a contrast agent for computed tomography: results from a comparative porcine study.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate prospectively the efficacy of gadobutrol as contrast agent for computed tomography (CT) compared with iodinated contrast media in a porcine animal model. METHODS: In 8 domestic pigs (35 +/- 4 kg body weight [BW]), continuous spiral CTs of the chest and abdomen were performed using either 2 mmol/kg BW Gadovist 1.0 (1 mol/L gadobutrol) intravenously or Ultravist (300 mg I/mL iopromide) (slice 5 mm, table feed 7.5 mm, reconstruction increment 5 mm). One week later, the same animals were examined using the same protocol with the other contrast agent. In 2 additional animals, serial CTs were performed at the same level using gadobutrol or iopromide on day 1 and the alternate agent on day 8 inches order to determine contrast media kinetics, peak enhancement, and time enhancement-product in important vascular regions and parenchymal organs (abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava, liver, and renal parenchyma). Peak enhancement (net increase compared with nonenhanced baseline values) was measured in Hounsfield units (HU) in defined regions of interest. RESULTS: In vivo, the mean peak enhancement 5, 15, 30, and 120 seconds in the abdominal aorta after injection of 2 mL/kg BW gadobutrol and iopromide was 200 +/- 11, 224 +/- 10, 261 +/- 13, and 95 +/- 9 HU versus 232 +/- 10, 298 +/- 10, 152 +/- 11, and 123 +/- 10 HU, respectively. Differences in enhancement of vascular structures was statistically significant (P < 0.05) in carotid arteries (235 +/- 20 HU for gadobutrol and 264 +/- 19 HU for iopromide) and the aortic arch (261 +/- 14 HU for gadobutrol and 279 HU +/- 13 HU for iopromide). No statistical significance was seen in all other measured vascular structures and parenchymal organs. CONCLUSION: Contrast-enhanced CT with 1 mol/L gadobutrol in a dose of 2 mmol/kg BW resulted in an excellent vascular and parenchymal enhancement in most vascular regions and parenchymal organs similar to an equivalent volume of 300 mg/mL iodinated contrast media.

Superselective embolization with coils in high-flow priapism.

Priapism can be divided into "low-flow" veno-occlusive priapism and, especially in children, rare "high-flow" arterial priapism. We report a 5-year-old boy who developed arterial priapism after blunt perineal trauma that was successfully treated by superselective embolization with microcoils.

X-ray digital subtraction angiography with 1 mol/L gadobutrol: results from a comparative porcine study With iodinated contrast agents.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate prospectively diagnostic accuracy of 1 mol/L gadobutrol as a contrast agent for intraarterial x-ray digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in comparison to iodinated, nonionic contrast media and 0.5 mol/L gadolinium-DTPA. METHODS: Flush arteriograms (ascending, descending, abdominal aorta, iliac, and femoral arteries) and selective angiograms (carotid, renal, and visceral arteries) were obtained from bilateral femoral arterial access (5 F sheaths) in 10 domestic pigs (70 kg body weight). Digital subtracted angiograms were obtained during injection of undiluted 1 mol/L gadobutrol, 300 mg I/mL iopromide, or 0.5 mol/L gadopentetate. Injection parameters (volume and velocity) were similar for all three contrast agents. In paired arteries, two different contrast media were used during the same angiographic run. Diagnostic quality and accuracy of the angiograms were evaluated on a three-step scale by three independent blinded investigators. RESULTS: Sufficient nonselective angiographic images were obtained in 90% of cases using iodinated contrast material. Gadobutrol achieved sufficient nonselective angiograms in 64%. Selective angiograms were sufficient in 98% using iodinated contrast material, 90% using 1 mol/L Gadobutrol and 48% using 0.5 mol/L Gd-DTPA. Adverse reactions to any of the used contrast agents were not noted. CONCLUSION: One mol/L Gadobutrol solution allows x-ray digital subtraction angiography with a diagnostic accuracy equivalent to 300 mg/mL iodinated contrast media, if selective injections are performed. Flush aortograms are of inferior image quality to iodinated contrast material.