ABSTRACT
In this study, the ATP synthase of Ignicoccus hospitalis was purified, characterized, and structurally compared to the respective enzymes of the other Ignicoccus species, to shed light on energy conservation in this unique group of archaea. The crenarchaeal genus Ignicoccus comprises three described species, i.e., I. hospitalis and Ignicoccus islandicus from hot marine sediments near Iceland and Ignicoccus pacificus from a hydrothermal vent system in the Pacific Ocean. This genus is unique among all archaea due to the unusual cell envelope, consisting of two membranes that enclose a large intermembrane compartment (IMC). I. hospitalis is the best studied member of this genus, mainly because it is the only known host for the potentially parasitic archaeon Nanoarchaeum equitansI. hospitalis grows chemolithoautotrophically, and its sole energy-yielding reaction is the reduction of elemental sulfur with molecular hydrogen, forming large amounts of hydrogen sulfide. This reaction generates an electrochemical gradient, which is used by the ATP synthase, located in the outer cellular membrane, to generate ATP inside the IMC. The genome of I. hospitalis encodes nine subunits of an A-type ATP synthase, which we could identify in the purified complex. Although the maximal in vitro activity of the I. hospitalis enzyme was measured around pH 6, the optimal stability of the A1AO complex seemed to be at pH 9. Interestingly, the soluble A1 subcomplexes of the different Ignicoccus species exhibited significant differences in their apparent molecular masses in native electrophoresis, although their behaviors in gel filtration and chromatography-mass spectrometry were very similar.IMPORTANCE The Crenarchaeota represent one of the major phyla within the Archaea domain. This study describes the successful purification of a crenarchaeal ATP synthase. To date, all information about A-type ATP synthases is from euryarchaeal enzymes. The fact that it has not been possible to purify this enzyme complex from a member of the Crenarchaeota until now points to significant differences in stability, possibly caused by structural alterations. Furthermore, the study subject I. hospitalis has a particular importance among crenarchaeotes, since it is the only known host of N. equitans The energy metabolism in this system is still poorly understood, and our results can help elucidate the unique relationship between these two microbes.
Subject(s)
ATP Synthetase Complexes/isolation & purification , ATP Synthetase Complexes/metabolism , Desulfurococcaceae/enzymology , ATP Synthetase Complexes/chemistry , Desulfurococcaceae/isolation & purification , Enzyme Stability , Geologic Sediments , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Kinetics , Molecular Weight , Protein Subunits/chemistry , Protein Subunits/isolation & purification , Protein Subunits/metabolismABSTRACT
Polycystin-2 (PC2), a calcium-activated cation TRP channel, is involved in diverse Ca2+ signaling pathways. Malfunctioning Ca2+ regulation in PC2 causes autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. Here we report two cryo-EM structures of distinct channel states of full-length human PC2 in complex with lipids and cations. The structures reveal conformational differences in the selectivity filter and in the large exoplasmic domain (TOP domain), which displays differing N-glycosylation. The more open structure has one cation bound below the selectivity filter (single-ion mode, PC2SI), whereas multiple cations are bound along the translocation pathway in the second structure (multi-ion mode, PC2MI). Ca2+ binding at the entrance of the selectivity filter suggests Ca2+ blockage in PC2MI, and we observed density for the Ca2+-sensing C-terminal EF hand in the unblocked PC2SI state. The states show altered interactions of lipids with the pore loop and TOP domain, thus reflecting the functional diversity of PC2 at different locations, owing to different membrane compositions.
Subject(s)
TRPP Cation Channels/chemistry , Binding Sites , Calcium/chemistry , Calcium Signaling , Cryoelectron Microscopy , Glycosylation , HEK293 Cells , Humans , Models, Molecular , Phosphatidic Acids/chemistry , Phosphatidylcholines/chemistry , Protein Binding , Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical , Protein Domains , Protein Processing, Post-Translational , Protein Structure, QuaternaryABSTRACT
Three different multihaem cytochromes c were purified from cell extracts of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Ignicoccus hospitalis. One tetrahaem cytochrome, locus tag designation Igni_0530, was purified from membrane fractions together with the iron-sulfur protein Igni_0529. Two octahaem cytochromes, Igni_0955 and Igni_1359, were purified from soluble fractions but were also present in the membrane fraction. N-terminal sequencing showed that three of the four proteins had their signal peptides cleaved off, while results were ambiguous for Igni_0955. In contrast, mass spectrometry of Igni_0955 and Igni_1359 resulted in single mass peaks including the signal sequences and eight haems per subunit and so both forms might be present in the cell. Igni_0955 and Igni_1359 belong to the hydroxylamine dehydrogenase (HAO) family (29â% mutual identity). HAO or reductase activities with inorganic sulfur compounds were not detected. Igni_0955 was reduced by enriched I. hospitalis hydrogenase at a specific activity of 243 nmol min(-1) (mg hydrogenase)(-1) while activity was non-existent for Igni_0530 and low for Igni_1359. Immuno-electron microscopy of ultra-thin sections showed that Igni_0955 and Igni_1359 are located in both I. hospitalis membranes and also in the intermembrane compartment. We concluded that these cytochromes might function as electron shuttles between the hydrogenase in the outer cellular membrane and cellular reductases, whereas Igni_0530 might be part of the sulfur-reducing mechanism.
