Brain-specific conditional and time-specific inducible Tph2 knockout mice possess normal serotonergic gene expression in the absence of serotonin during adult life.

Several lines of evidence implicate a dysregulation of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH)-dependent serotonin (5-HT) synthesis in emotional behaviour and stress, and point to its relevance for the etiology and pathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric disorders. We therefore studied different animal models featuring reduced Tph2 expression to investigate the consequences of impaired brain 5-HT synthesis on neuronal development. Specifically, brain-specific conditional and time-specific inducible Tph2 knockout (KO) models were generated and investigated for altered serotonergic neuron-specific gene expression. Raphe neurons of a brain-specific constitutive Tph2 KO were completely devoid of Tph2-positive neurons and, consequently, 5-HT in the brain, and also displayed no compensatory up-regulation of Tph1 expression. In contrast, an inducible Tph2 KO mouse facilitates the generation of a brain-specific 5-HT-reduction model selectively during adult life. This resulted in a highly reduced number of Tph2-positive cells and thus 5-HT in the brain. Intriguingly, expression studies detected no alteration in the expression of genes relevant to the 5-HT system in the brain-specific Tph2 KO and the 5-HT-reduction models. These findings confirm the specificity of Tph2 in brain 5-HT synthesis across the lifespan, yet also suggest that neither developmental nor adult 5-HT synthesis is required for the expression of genes specific for serotonergic signalling. The formation of the serotonergic system thus seems to be a preserved expressional pattern due to intrinsic cellular programs which occurs also in the absence of its key molecule, namely 5-HT.

The expression of the transcription factor FEV in adult human brain and its association with affective disorders.

A wide range of physiological processes and neuronal functioning is modulated by the serotonergic system. Serotonin (5-HT) plays an important role during early brain development. Moreover, dysfunction of the 5-HT system is implicated in psychiatric disorders, especially in affective disorders. Little is known, however, about the transcriptional mechanisms leading to a functional 5-HT system in humans. The Fifth Ewing Variant (FEV), an E-twenty-six (ETS) transcription factor, is assumed to be involved in the transcription of gene(s) in the serotonergic pathway and to play a role in early brain development. To investigate its specificity, we performed an expression analysis of FEV in different human brain regions utilizing quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Our results demonstrate that FEV is not exclusively expressed in serotonergic neurons, but, on the contrary, also in several non-serotonergic brain regions such as locus coeruleus, caudate nucleus and putamen. In the latter two regions, FEV expression levels actually were higher when compared with the pons and the medulla oblongata, which contain the raphe nuclei. Additionally, we examined whether genetic variance in the FEV gene contributes to the susceptibility towards affective disorders. Direct re-sequencing, however, did not provide evidence for FEV mutations in patients, and neither were non-coding single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with disease. FEV therefore might not account for the genetic risk towards depression or bipolar disorder. Furthermore, the specificity of FEV for the serotonergic system should be reconsidered.

Spatio-temporal expression of tryptophan hydroxylase isoforms in murine and human brain: convergent data from Tph2 knockout mice.

Dysregulation of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH)-dependent serotonin (5-HT) synthesis, has been implicated in various neuropsychiatric disorders, although the differential expression pattern of the two isoforms is controversial. Here, we report a comprehensive spatio-temporal isoform-specific analysis of TPH1 and TPH2 expression during pre- and postnatal development of mouse brain and in adult human brain. TPH2 expression was consistently detected in the raphe nuclei, as well as in fibers in the deep pineal gland and in small intestine. Although TPH1 expression was found in these peripheral tissues, no significant TPH1 expression was detected in the brain, neither during murine development, nor in mouse and human adult brain. In support of TPH2 specificity in brain 5-HT synthesis, raphe neurons of Tph2 knockout mice were completely devoid of 5-HT, with no compensatory activation of Tph1 expression. In conclusion, our findings indicate that brain 5-HT synthesis across the lifespan is exclusively maintained by TPH2.

Deficiency of brain 5-HT synthesis but serotonergic neuron formation in Tph2 knockout mice.

The relative contribution of the two tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) isoforms, TPH1 and TPH2, to brain serotonergic system function is controversial. To investigate the respective role of TPH2 in neuron serotonin (5-HT) synthesis and the role of 5-HT in brain development, mice with a targeted disruption of Tph2 were generated. The preliminary results indicate that in Tph2 knockout mice raphe neurons are completely devoid of 5-HT, whereas no obvious alteration in morphology and fiber distribution are observed. The findings confirm the exclusive specificity of Tph2 in brain 5-HT synthesis and suggest that Tph2-synthesized 5-HT is not required for serotonergic neuron formation.

Tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene variation influences personality traits and disorders related to emotional dysregulation.

Variation in the tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene (TPH2) coding for the rate-limiting enzyme of serotonin (5-HT) synthesis in the brain modulates responses of limbic circuits to emotional stimuli and has been linked to a spectrum of clinical populations characterized by emotional dysregulation. Here, we tested a set of common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in and downstream of the transcriptional control region of TPH2 for association with personality traits and with risk for personality disorders in two cohorts comprising of 336 healthy individuals and 420 patients with personality disorders. Personality dimensions were assessed by the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) and the revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R). Personality disorders were diagnosed with the Structured Clinical Interview of DSM-IV and were allocated to clusters A, B, and C. Individual SNP and haplotype analyses revealed significant differences in genotype frequencies between controls and cluster B as well as cluster C patients, respectively. In both patient groups, we observed overrepresentation of T allele carriers of a functional polymorphism in the upstream regulatory region of TPH2 (SNP G-703T, rs4570625) which was previously shown to bias responsiveness of the amygdala, a structure critically involved in emotionality. Furthermore, significant effects of TPH2 variants on anxiety-related traits defined primarily by the TPQ Harm Avoidance were found in healthy individuals. The results link potentially functional TPH2 variants to personality traits related to emotional instability as well as to cluster B and cluster C personality disorders. These findings implicate alterations of 5-HT synthesis in emotion regulation and confirm TPH2 as a susceptibility and/or modifier gene of affective spectrum disorders.