Acute Perceptive Responses to 2 Combined Training Methods in Adolescents: A Crossover Study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the acute perceptive responses of different combined training methods in adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample consisted of 50 adolescents, insufficiently active, aged between 14 and 18 years (58% female). The adolescents performed 2 sessions in a randomized order: moderate-intensity continuous training + resistance training (MICT + RT) and high-intensity interval training + resistance training (HIIT + RT). The rating of perceived exertion, affect, and satisfaction were measured by self-report in 5 moments during the combined training (HIIT or MICT-moments 1, 2, and 3; RT-moments 4 and 5) and 10 minutes after the end of the session. RESULTS: During HIIT, adolescents reported higher values of rating of perceived exertion compared to the MICT session at moments 2 and 3 in both sexes (P < .05). In addition, at moments 2 and 3 of the HIIT session, female participants were reported to have a higher value of satisfaction compared to MICT (F = 3.953; P = .005; η2 = .067). CONCLUSION: During the execution of both HIIT + RT and MICT + RT protocols, adolescents showed an increase in the values of pleasure and satisfaction, regardless of sex.

Effects of Self-selected Resistance Training on Physical Fitness and Psychophysiological Responses in Physically Inactive Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Study.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week self-selected resistance training (SSRT) program on physical fitness and psychophysiological responses among physically inactive older women. We randomly allocated 32 inactive older women (M age = 66.0 years, SD = 3.0) into either an SSRT (n = 16) or control group (n = 16). Participants performed SSRT three times per week over 12 weeks. We assessed maximal isotonic and isokinetic muscle strength, functional capacity, flexibility, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body composition at baseline and after the intervention. Affective responses and perceived exertion were evaluated after each exercise set throughout the training program. The SSRT group significantly improved their maximal muscle strength in all exercises (Cohen's d ranging from 1.4-3.3; all p's < .001), peak torque (knee flexors: d = 1.7; knee extensors: d = 1.6; all p < .001), flexibility (knee flexors: d = 1.7; single hip flexors: d = 1.6; all p < .001; bilateral hip flexors: d = 1.1, p = .001), fat-free mass (d = .9, p = .008), and cardiorespiratory fitness (d = .9, p = .014), compared to the control group. All components of functional capacity improved compared to the control group (Cohen's d ranging from .8 to 5.5; all p's ≤ .001). Participants perceived the exercise training sessions as pleasant and of low to moderate effort. Thus, a 12-week SSRT program was effective at improving physical fitness and inducing feelings of pleasure among inactive older women.

Poorer positive affect in response to self-paced exercise among the obese.

We aimed to investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) and affective response, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and physiological responses during self-paced exercise. Sixty-six women were divided into three groups accordingly with the BMI: obese (n = 22: 33.5 ±â€¯8.5 yr; 34.9 ±â€¯4.1 kg∙m-2), overweight (n = 22: 34.8 ±â€¯8.6 yr; 26.4 ±â€¯1.3 kg∙m-2), and normal-weight (n = 22: 30.8 ±â€¯9.3 yr; 22.0 ±â€¯1.6 kg∙m-2). They underwent a graded exercise test and a 20-min self-paced walking session on a treadmill. Affective responses, RPE, heart rate (HR), and oxygen uptake (VO2) were recorded every 5 min. The women with obesity experienced the lowest affective rates (p < .001), despite similar RPE, HR, and VO2 to the other normal weight and overweight groups. In addition, a multiple regression model indicated that BMI was a significant predictor of affective responses (p < .001). In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that obesity is associated with poorer affective responses to exercise even at self-paced intensity, with the same physiological responses and perceived exertion. Therefore, techniques that aim directly to increase pleasure and/or reduce attentional focus and perception of effort in this population are required, such as affect-regulated prescription, shorter bouts of self-paced exercise throughout the day, distraction away from internal cues (e.g. music, group exercise), etc.

Let the Pleasure Guide Your Resistance Training Intensity.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and reliability of the Feeling Scale (FS) to self-regulate resistance training (RT) intensity. METHODS: Sixteen sedentary men (39.7 ± 7.5 yr) performed 3 familiarization sessions, 2 one-repetition maximum (1RM) testing, and 16 RT sessions (four sessions for each FS descriptor; randomized). The FS descriptors were "very good" (FS + 5), "good" (FS + 3), "fairly good" (FS + 1), and "fairly bad" (FS - 1). Resistance exercises were leg press, chest press, knee extension, and seated biceps curl. Participants were instructed to select a load associated with the verbal/numerical descriptor of the FS to perform three sets of 10 repetitions. RESULTS: Participants lifted a significantly greater %1RM as the FS level decreased from FS + 5 to FS - 1 (P < 0.001). The mean %1RM values for the FS descriptors of +5, +3, +1, and -1, respectively, were as follows: leg press, 42.5% ± 9.5%, 58.2% ± 7.4%, 69.9% ± 7.0%, and 80.7% ± 5.4%; knee extensor, 37.4% ± 9.6%, 54.5% ± 9.3%, 65.3% ± 8.7%, and 78.2% ± 5.9%; chest press, 42.4% ± 11.3%, 54.9% ± 11.4%, 66.4% ± 12.6%, and 78.2% ± 13.5%; and biceps curl, 39.0% ± 8.1%, 54.0% ± 9.7%, 68.4% ± 5.9%, and 83.2% ± 3.0%. The interclass correlation coefficient over the four experimental sessions ranged from 0.73 to 0.99 for %1RM and from 0.77 to 0.99 for weight lifted, with a coefficient of variation of approximately 7%, 4%, 2%, and 2% for FS descriptors of +5, +3, +1, and -1, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to demonstrate that the FS can be used to self-regulate exercise intensity in RT. The lower the FS descriptor, the higher the weight lifted. In addition, the load self-selected for each FS descriptor was reliable across the four sessions.

Let's Walk Outdoors! Self-Paced Walking Outdoors Improves Future Intention to Exercise in Women With Obesity.

In order to examine whether environmental settings influence psychological and physiological responses of women with obesity during self-paced walking, 38 women performed two exercise sessions (treadmill and outdoors) for 30 min, where oxygen uptake, heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, affect, attentional focus, enjoyment, and future intentions to walk were analyzed. Physiological responses were similar during both sessions. However, during outdoor exercise, participants displayed higher externally focused attention, positive affect, and lower ratings of perceived exertion, followed by greater enjoyment and future intention to participate in outdoor walking. The more externally focused attention predicted greater future intentions to participate in walking. Therefore, women with obesity self-selected an appropriate exercise intensity to improve fitness and health in both environmental settings. Also, self-paced outdoor walking presented improved psychological responses. Health care professionals should consider promoting outdoor forms of exercise to maximize psychological benefits and promote long-term adherence to a physically active lifestyle.

PARÂMETROS IMUNOLÓGICOS E INFECÇÕES DO TRATO RESPIRATÓRIO SUPERIOR EM ATLETAS DE ESPORTES COLETIVOS / IMMUNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS IN TEAM SPORTS ATHLETES / PARÁMETROS INMUNOLÓGICOS E INFECCIONES DEL TRACTO RESPIRATORIO SUPERIOR EN ATLETAS DE DEPORTES DE EQUIPO

RESUMO Entre atletas e treinadores, existe uma percepção comum de que altas cargas de treinamento e competições, aplicadas de forma crônica, com controle nutricional e/ou períodos de recuperação inadequados, podem reduzir a resistência imunológica, aumentando a predisposição aos episódios de infecções, principalmente infecções do trato respiratório superior (ITRS). Nesse sentido, o presente estudo está centrado em revisar as interações entre os parâmetros imunológicos com a síndrome do sobretreinamento, especificamente em esportes coletivos, considerando a sua natureza intermitente. Assim, foi realizada uma revisão de periódicos nacionais e internacionais relacionados com o tema. As correlações entre exercício, sistema imunológico e suscetibilidade às ITRS têm sido avaliadas principalmente em esportes individuais e de resistência em comparação aos coletivos. As modulações dos leucócitos ao longo da temporada, frente ao efeito somatório das cargas de treinamento e competições, quando analisadas especificamente quanto aos neutrófilos e monócitos, possivelmente se relacionam com os processos de reparo tecidual e incidência de ITRS. As modulações relacionadas com os linfócitos parecem estar relacionadas mais diretamente com a incidência das ITRS. Ademais, o entendimento de todos os marcadores propostos, incluindo os imunológicos em associação com os indicadores de desempenho e controle do treinamento, parece ser um caminho mais promissor para o diagnóstico clínico do estado imunológico do atleta e da prevenção da síndrome do sobretreinamento do que necessariamente a busca por um marcador exclusivo de excesso de treinamento.

ABSTRACT Among athletes and coaches, there is a common perception that high training loads and competitions, applied chronically, with inadequate nutritional control and/or recovery periods, may reduce the immune resistance, increasing susceptibility to infection episodes, mainly upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). In this sense, this study is focused on reviewing the interactions between immunological parameters with the overtraining syndrome, specifically in team sports, considering its intermittent nature. Thus, a review of national and international journals related to the topic was held. The correlations between exercise, immune system and susceptibility to URTI have been evaluated mainly in individual and endurance sports compared to the team sports. The modulations of leukocytes throughout the season, against the totalization of training loads and competitions, when analyzed specifically for neutrophils and monocytes, are possibly related to tissue repair processes and incidence of URTI. Modulations related to lymphocytes seem to be more directly related to the incidence of URTI. Moreover, an understanding of all the proposed markers, including immunological markers, in association with the performance indicators and control of training, appears to be a more promising avenue for clinical diagnosis of the athlete's immune status and prevention of overtraining syndrome than the search for a unique marker of overtraining.

RESUMEN Entre los atletas y entrenadores, hay una percepción común de que las altas cargas de entrenamiento y competiciones, aplicados crónicamente, con períodos de control y/o de recuperación nutricional inadecuados, pueden reducir la resistencia inmunológica, aumentando la susceptibilidad a los episodios de infecciones, especialmente del tracto respiratorio superior (ITRS). En este sentido, el presente estudio está centrado en la revisión de las interacciones entre los parámetros inmunológicos con el síndrome de sobreentrenamiento, sobre todo en los deportes de equipo, teniendo en cuenta su naturaleza intermitente. Por lo tanto, se llevó a cabo una revisión de revistas nacionales e internacionales relacionadas con el tema. Las correlaciones entre el ejercicio, el sistema inmunológico y la susceptibilidad a la ITRS han sido evaluadas sobre todo en deportes individuales y de resistencia en comparación con los deportes colectivos. Las modulaciones de leucocitos durante la temporada, con relación al efecto de la suma de las cargas de entrenamiento y competiciones, cuando analizadas específicamente con relación a los neutrófilos y los monocitos, posiblemente están asociadas a los procesos de reparación de tejidos y la incidencia de la ITRS. Las modulaciones relacionadas con los linfocitos parecen estar asociadas más directamente a la incidencia de la ITRS. Además, la comprensión de todos los marcadores propuestos, incluyendo los inmunológicos en asociación con los indicadores de rendimiento y el control del entrenamiento parece ser una vía más prometedora para el diagnóstico clínico del estado inmunológico del atleta y para la prevención del síndrome de sobreentrenamiento que necesariamente la búsqueda de un único marcador de sobreentrenamiento.

Overweight effect on spirometric parameters in adolescents undergoing exercise.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effects of overweight on spirometric parameters in adolescents who underwent bronchial provocation test for exercise. METHODS: We included 71 male adolescents. The diagnosis of asthma was done based on participants' clinical history and on the International Study Questionnaire Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, and the diagnosis of obesity was based on body mass index above 95th percentile. The bronchospasm induced by exercise was assessed using the run-walk test on a treadmill for eight minutes. The decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second > or equal to 10% before exercise was considered positive, and to calculate the intensity in exercise-induced bronchospasm we measured the maximum percentage of forced expiratory volume in one second and above the curve area. Data analysis was carried out using the Mann-Whitney U test and Friedman test (ANOVA), followed by Wilcoxon test (p<0.05). In addition, we used Fisher's exact test to analyze the exercise-induced bronchospasm frequency. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed among obese adolescents in exercise-induced bronchospasm frequency (p=0,013) and in relation to time required for recovery after exercise (p=0,007). CONCLUSION: Overweight can influence the increase in the exercise-induced bronchospasm frequency in non-asthmatic adolescents compared with eutrophic adolescents. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito do excesso de peso sobre parâmetros espirométricos em adolescentes submetidos ao teste de broncoprovocação por exercício. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 71 adolescentes do sexo masculino. O diagnóstico de asma foi obtido por meio de histórico clínico e do questionário International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, e o de obesidade, pelo índice de massa corporal acima do percentil 95. Para avaliar o broncoespasmo induzido pelo exercício, utilizou-se o teste correr/caminhar em esteira ergométrica, com duração de 8 minutos, considerando positivo se diminuição do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo >10% do valor pré-exercício e, para a intensidade do broncoespasmo induzido pelo exercício, foram utilizados o cálculo da queda percentual máxima do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo e a área acima da curva. A análise dos dados foi realizada pelo teste U Mann-Whitney e pela ANOVA de Friedman, seguido do teste de Wilcoxon (p<0,05). O teste de Fisher foi empregado para analisar a frequência de broncoespasmo induzido pelo exercício. RESULTADOS: Foram encontradas diferenças significativas quanto à frequência de broncoespasmo induzido pelo exercício (p=0,013) e ao tempo de recuperação pós-exercício (p=0,007) nos adolescentes obesos. CONCLUSÃO: O excesso de peso pode influenciar no aumento da frequência de broncoespasmo induzido pelo exercício em adolescentes não asmáticos, quando comparados a eutróficos.

Self-selected intensity, ratings of perceived exertion, and affective responses in sedentary male subjects during resistance training.

[Purpose] This study examined the exercise intensity and psychophysiological responses to a self-selected resistance training session in sedentary male subjects. [Subjects and Methods] Twelve sedentary male subjects (35.8 ± 5.8 years; 25.5 ± 2.6 kg·m(2)) underwent four sessions at 48-h intervals: familiarization; two sessions of one repetition maximum test and a resistance training session in which they were told to self-select a load to complete 3 sets of 10 repetitions of chest press, leg press, seated rows, knee extension, overhead press, biceps curl, and triceps pushdown exercises. During the latter, the percentage of one repetition maximum, affective responses (feeling scale), and rating of perceived exertion (OMNI-RES scale) were measured. [Results] The percentage of one repetition maximum for all exercises was >51% (14-31% variability), the rating of perceived exertion was 5-6 (7-11% variability), and the affective responses was 0-1 point with large variability. [Conclusion] Sedentary male subjects self-selected approximately 55% of one maximum repetition, which was above the intensity suggested to increase strength in sedentary individuals, but below the recommended intensity to improve strength in novice to intermediate exercisers. The rating of perceived exertion was indicative of moderate intensity and slightly positive affective responses.

Overweight effect on spirometric parameters in adolescents undergoing exercise / Efeito do excesso de peso sobre parâmetros espirométricos de adolescentes submetidos ao exercício

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate effects of overweight on spirometric parameters in adolescents who underwent bronchial provocation test for exercise. Methods We included 71 male adolescents. The diagnosis of asthma was done based on participants’ clinical history and on the International Study Questionnaire Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, and the diagnosis of obesity was based on body mass index above 95th percentile. The bronchospasm induced by exercise was assessed using the run-walk test on a treadmill for eight minutes. The decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second > or equal to 10% before exercise was considered positive, and to calculate the intensity in exercise-induced bronchospasm we measured the maximum percentage of forced expiratory volume in one second and above the curve area. Data analysis was carried out using the Mann-Whitney U test and Friedman test (ANOVA), followed by Wilcoxon test (p<0.05). In addition, we used Fisher’s exact test to analyze the exercise-induced bronchospasm frequency. Results Significant differences were observed among obese adolescents in exercise-induced bronchospasm frequency (p=0,013) and in relation to time required for recovery after exercise (p=0,007). Conclusion Overweight can influence the increase in the exercise-induced bronchospasm frequency in non-asthmatic adolescents compared with eutrophic adolescents.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o efeito do excesso de peso sobre parâmetros espirométricos em adolescentes submetidos ao teste de broncoprovocação por exercício. Métodos Participaram do estudo 71 adolescentes do sexo masculino. O diagnóstico de asma foi obtido por meio de histórico clínico e do questionário International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, e o de obesidade, pelo índice de massa corporal acima do percentil 95. Para avaliar o broncoespasmo induzido pelo exercício, utilizou-se o teste correr/caminhar em esteira ergométrica, com duração de 8 minutos, considerando positivo se diminuição do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo >10% do valor pré-exercício e, para a intensidade do broncoespasmo induzido pelo exercício, foram utilizados o cálculo da queda percentual máxima do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo e a área acima da curva. A análise dos dados foi realizada pelo teste U Mann-Whitney e pela ANOVA de Friedman, seguido do teste de Wilcoxon (p<0,05). O teste de Fisher foi empregado para analisar a frequência de broncoespasmo induzido pelo exercício. Resultados Foram encontradas diferenças significativas quanto à frequência de broncoespasmo induzido pelo exercício (p=0,013) e ao tempo de recuperação pós-exercício (p=0,007) nos adolescentes obesos. Conclusão O excesso de peso pode influenciar no aumento da frequência de broncoespasmo induzido pelo exercício em adolescentes não asmáticos, quando comparados a eutróficos.

Feeling of Pleasure to High-Intensity Interval Exercise Is Dependent of the Number of Work Bouts and Physical Activity Status.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the affective responses during a single bout of a low-volume HIIE in active and insufficiently active men. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-eight men (aged 25.3 ± 3.6 years) volunteered to participate in this study: i) active (n = 29) and ii) insufficiently active (n = 29). Each subject undertook i) initial screening and physical evaluation, ii) maximal exercise test, and iii) a single bout of a low-volume HIIE. The HIIE protocol consisted of 10 x 60s work bouts at 90% of maximal treadmill velocity (MTV) interspersed with 60s of active recovery at 30% of MTV. Affective responses (Feeling Scale, -5/+5), rating of perceived exertion (Borg's RPE, 6-20), and heart rate (HR) were recorded during the last 10s of each work bout. A two-factor mixed-model repeated measures ANOVA, independent-samples t test, and chi-squared test were used to data analysis. RESULTS: There were similar positive affective responses to the first three work bouts between insufficiently active and active men (p > 0.05). However, insufficiently active group displayed lower affective responses over time (work bout 4 to 10) than the active group (p < 0.01). Also, the insufficiently active group displayed lower values of mean, lowest, and highest affective response, as well as lower values of affective response at the highest RPE than the active group (p < 0.001). There were no differences in the RPE and HR between the groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Insufficiently active and active men report feelings of pleasure to few work bouts (i.e., 3-4) during low-volume HIIE, while the affective responses become more unpleasant over time for insufficiently active subjects. Investigations on the effects of low-volume HIIE protocols including a fewer number of work bouts on health status and fitness of less active subjects would be interesting, especially in the first training weeks.

Affect-regulated exercise: an alternative approach for lifestyle modification in overweight/obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Affect-regulated exercise ("ARE") is an alternative approach to guide exercise intensity based on feeling of pleasure. The aim of this study was to analyze if overweight/obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) meet the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommendation regarding to exercise intensity to improve health status during a single bout of "ARE". METHODS: A sample of 14 overweight/obese women with PCOS (18-34 years) performed a single bout of "ARE" (40 min of aerobic exercise on outdoor track). The Feeling Scale (FS) was used to guide "ARE" intensity/pace maintaining an affective valence between "good" and "very good" during all time. Heart rate (HR), speed, % of HR at first and second ventilatory threshold (VT1 and VT2) and time spent at moderate (64-76% of HR(max)) and vigorous (77-95% of HR(max)) intensity during "ARE" were measured with a global positioning system (GPS) device. RESULTS: Volunteers exercised at 73% (68-78%) of HR(max), 5.8 (5.2-6.2) km/h, 93.4% of HR at VT1 (89.3-98.2) and 80.5% of HR at VT2 (75.3-84.6) and spent >80% of time at moderate intensity. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight/obese women with PCOS met the ACSM recommendation regarding exercise intensity to improve health status when exercised between "good" and "very good" of FS. Thus, "ARE" may be an interesting approach to be used in clinical practice regarding to exercise prescription and/or physical activity advice.

Effects of musical tempo on physiological, affective, and perceptual variables and performance of self-selected walking pace.

[Purpose] This study investigated the effects of musical tempo on physiological, affective, and perceptual responses as well as the performance of self-selected walking pace. [Subjects] The study included 28 adult women between 29 and 51 years old. [Methods] The subjects were divided into three groups: no musical stimulation group (control), and 90 and 140 beats per minute musical tempo groups. Each subject underwent three experimental sessions: involved familiarization with the equipment, an incremental test to exhaustion, and a 30-min walk on a treadmill at a self-selected pace, respectively. During the self-selected walking session, physiological, perceptual, and affective variables were evaluated, and walking performance was evaluated at the end. [Results] There were no significant differences in physiological variables or affective response among groups. However, there were significant differences in perceptual response and walking performance among groups. [Conclusion] Fast music (140 beats per minute) promotes a higher rating of perceived exertion and greater performance in self-selected walking pace without significantly altering physiological variables or affective response.

Exercícios com pesos sobre as respostas afetivas e perceptuais / Weight exercise on affective and perceptual responses / Ejercicios con peso sobre las respuestas afectivas y perceptuales

INTRODUÇÃO: Sensações de prazer/desprazer são moduladas de acordo com as intensidades prescritas para o exercício, demonstrando uma relação simples, onde quanto mais intenso o estímulo, maior o esforço percebido. OBJETIVO: Verificar as diferenças entre as respostas perceptuais e afetivas agudas em diferentes intensidades de exercícios com pesos em mulheres idosas. MÉTODOS: Quatorze mulheres com idade entre 65 e 75 anos, previamente sedentárias, com sobrepeso, foram submetidas a três diferentes intensidades de treinamento com pesos: 35% e 70% de 1RM, e autosselecionada. Foram avaliados o afeto e a percepção subjetiva do esforço (PSE). Após 30 minutos do término da sessão, foi avaliada a percepção subjetiva do esforço da sessão (PSE-S). Foi utilizado o teste de variância One-way ANOVA de um fator de medidas repetidas para as variáveis dependentes PSE-S, PSE e afeto, seguido de post hock de Tukey. RESULTADOS: A PSE-S demonstrou diferença significativa da testagem (F (7,99) =15,358; p=0,001) entre as intensidades, assim como para PSE entre cada exercício. A PSE-S, para 35% de 1RM, foi menor, quando comparada à PSE-S para 70% de 1RM, e à intensidade autosselecionada. A intensidade de 70% de 1RM, quando comparada com a intensidade autosselecionada, não apresentou diferença significativa. Em relação a PSE nos exercícios, foi observado um esforço significativamente maior (p < 0,001) para 70% de 1RM, quando comparados com a autosseleção da carga. O afeto revelou diferença significativa na intensidade de 35% de 1RM, mostrando uma resposta mais prazerosa, quando comparado à carga de 70% de 1RM, e à autosseleção da carga. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados demonstraram que baixas intensidades são percebidas como menor esforço e este fato contribuiu para a produção de respostas afetivas mais prazerosas. Além disso, fatores interindividuais são capazes de modular estas respostas, possibilitando a diminuição da percepção do esforço em intensidades mais vigorosas. .

INTRODUCTION: Feelings of pleasure/displeasure are modulated according to prescribed exercise intensities, where the more intense the stimulus, the higher the perception of effort. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the differences between perceptual and affective responses to different intensities of acute resistance training in elderly women. METHODS: Fourteen women aged between 65 and 75 years old, previously sedentary and overweight were subjected to three different intensities of resistance training: 35% and 70% 1-RM, and self-selected. Affect and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed. Session rate of perceived exertion (RPE-S) was assessed 30 minutes after the conclusion of the session. One way ANOVA test for repeated measures was used for the dependent variables (RPE-S, RPE and affect), followed by Tukey's post hock. RESULTS: RPE-S showed a significant difference (F (7.99) = 15.358; p = 0.001) between the intensities as well as RPE between each exercise. RPE-S of 35% 1-RM was lower when compared to RPE-S for 70% 1-RM, and self-selected intensity. The intensity of 70% 1-RM, compared with the self-selected intensity, showed no significant difference. Regarding RPE during the exercises, significantly more effort (p<0.001) was observed for the 70% 1-RM when compared with the self-selection of the load. The affect revealed a significant difference for the intensity of 35% 1-RM, showing a more pleasant response when compared to the load of 70% 1-RM, and self-selection of the load. CONCLUSION: Results showed that low intensities are perceived as less effort and this fact contributed to the production of more pleasurable affective responses. Moreover, inter-individual factors between subjects can modulate these responses, enabling the reduction of perceived exertion in more vigorous intensities. .

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los sensaciones de placer/desplacer son moduladas de acuerdo con las intensidades prescritas para el ejercicio, demostrando una relación simple, en donde cuanto más intenso es el estímulo, mayor será el esfuerzo percibido. OBJETIVO: Verificar las diferencias entre las respuestas perceptuales y afectivas agudas en diferentes intensidades de ejercicio en mujeres ancianas. MÉTODOS: Catorce mujeres entre 65 y 75 años, previamente sedentarias, con sobrepeso, fueron sometidas a tres intensidades diferentes de entrenamiento con pesos: 35% y 70% de 1RM, y autoseleccionada. Fueron evaluados el afecto y la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo (PSE). Después de 30 minutos del término de la sesión, fue evaluada la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo de la sesión (PSE-S). Se utilizó ANOVA de un factor de medidas repetidas para las variables dependientes PSE-S, PSE y afecto, seguido por post hoc de Tukey. RESULTADOS: La PSE-S demostró diferencia significativa del test (F (7,99) = 15,358, p = 0,001) entre las intensidades, así como para PSE entre cada ejercicio. La PSE-S para 35% de 1RM fue menor, cuando comparada con la PSE-S para 70% de 1RM, e intensidad autoseleccionada. La intensidad de 70% de 1RM, cuando comparada con la intensidad autoseleccionada, no mostró diferencias significativas. En relación a la PSE con los ejercicios, fue observado un esfuerzo significativamente mayor (p <0,001) para 70% de 1RM, cuando comparados con la autoselección de carga. El afecto reveló diferencia significativa en la intensidad de 35% de 1RM, mostrando una respuesta más placentera, cuando comparado con la carga de 70% de 1RM, y autoselección de carga. CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados demostraron que bajas intensidades son percibidas como menor esfuerzo y este hecho contribuyó para la producción de respuestas afectivas más placenteras. Además, los factores interindividuales son capaces de modular estas respuestas, posibilitando la disminución de la percepción ...

Treinamento de força e sintomas de infecções respiratórias em mulheres pós-menopausadas / Resistance training and symptoms of respiratory infections in postmenopausal women

Introdução: Dentre vários sintomas relacionados à menopausa, destacam-se transpiração noturna, ressecamento vaginal, ondas de calor, alterações psicológicas relacionadas à depressão e diminuição da resposta imunológica. Objetivo: Investigar os efeitos do treinamento de força, sobre a intensidade dos sintomas de infecções das vias aéreas superiores em mulheres pós-menopausadas. Métodos: Participaram 16 mulheres (58,67 ± 6,12 anos) sedentárias na pós-menopausa alocadas no grupo controle e treinamento. Todas responderam um recordatório sobre a frequência e intensidade dos sintomas de infecções das vias aéreas superiores por uma escala padronizada ao longo das oito semanas de intervenção. Resultados: Foram apresentados níveis similares quanto à resposta da intensidade dos sintomas de infecções das vias aéreas superiores ao longo da intervenção para os grupos controle (r = -0,75 com p = 0,028) e treinamento (r = -0,78 com p = 0,029). Conclusão: O treinamento de força foi seguro no que se refere aos sintomas de infecções das vias aéreas superiores, já que não houve piora do quadro clínico.

Introduction: Among the various symptoms associated with the menopause, nocturnal transpiration, vaginal dryness, heat waves, psychological alterations related with depression, as well as the decrease of immune response can be mentioned. Objective: To investigate the effects of resistance training on the intensity of the symptoms for upper respiratory tract infections in postmenopausal women. Methods: The study included 16 sedentary post-menopausal women (58.67 ± 6.12 years) allocated to the control group and training. All responded a recall questionnaire about the frequency and intensity of upper respiratory tract infections symptoms by a standardized scale over the eight weeks of the intervention. Results: Similar levels were presented as the response of the intensity of the symptoms of infections of the upper airways during the intervention to the control group (r = -0.75, p = 0.028) and training (r = -0.78, p = 0.029). Conclusion: The resistance training was considered safe as regards symptoms of infection of the upper respiratory tract, since there was no worsening of the clinical profile.

Rating of perceived exertion and affective responses during Tai Chi Chuan.

Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and affective responses were assessed during Tai Chi Chuan. A total of 16 women (M age = 61.2 yr., SD = 8.8) participated in this study. Individuals practiced Tai Chi Chuan three times/week during seven weeks, and were assessed session-by-session (21 Wu Tai Chi Chuan sessions) in three moments (15, 30, and 45 min.) using Borg's scale (CR 0-10) and the Feeling Scale (+5/-5). With regard to RPE, there was a difference between 15 and 30 min. and between 15 and 45 min. The same pattern of differences was observed for the affective response. The RPE during the seven weeks ranged from "fairly light" to "moderate" and the affective response from "good" to "very good." Thus, Tai Chi Chuan was perceived as a low-moderate intensity and pleasurable (positive affect) exercise by middle-aged and elderly women.

The Use of Session RPE to Monitor the Intensity of Weight Training in Older Women: Acute Responses to Eccentric, Concentric, and Dynamic Exercises.

The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is ability to detect and interpret organic sensations while performing exercises. This method has been used to measure the level of effort that is felt during weight-training at a given intensity. The purpose of this investigation was to compare session RPE values with those of traditional RPE measurements for different weight-training muscle actions, performed together or separately. Fourteen women with no former weight-training experience were recruited for the investigation. All participants completed five sessions of exercise: familiarization, maximum force, concentric-only (CONC-only), eccentric-only (ECC-only), and dynamic (DYN = CONC + ECC). The traditional RPE method was measured after each series of exercises, and the session RPE was measured 30 min after the end of the training session. The statistical analyses used were the paired t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and repeated measures analysis of variance. Significant differences between traditional RPE and session RPE for DYN, CONC, and ECC exercises were not found. This investigation demonstrated that session RPE is similar to traditional RPE in terms of weight-training involving concentric, eccentric, or dynamic muscle exercises, and that it can be used to prescribe and monitor weight-training sessions in older subjects.

Carga interna de treinamento em diferentes aulas pré formatadas do sistema Les Mills® / Internal training load in different pre standardized workouts of Les Mills® system

O objetivo do presente estudo foi quantificar a carga interna de treinamento imposta em diferentes aulas pré-formatadas do sistema Les Mills® e comparar a percepção de esforço planejada pelo instrutor com a percebida pelas alunas. A amostra foi constituída por 20 mulheres jovens. Foram monitoradas 10 aulas, em duas semanas consecutivas. A carga interna foi determinada pelo método da percepção subjetiva do esforço da sessão (PSE-sessão). Os valores da PSE-sessão não diferiram significativamente da 1ª para a 2ª semana (Body Combat© = 252 ± 36 vs. 258 ± 39 UA – p=0,64; Body Pump© (terça-feira) = 171 ± 35 vs. 177 ± 30 UA – p=0,33; Body Step© = 246 ± 51 vs. 252 ± 46 UA– p=0,43; Body Pump© (quinta-feira) = 183 ± 30 vs. 225 ± 38 UA– p=0,06; Power Jump© = 291 ± 44 vs. 315 ± 42 UA– p=0,06). Houve diferença em 50% das aulas no tocante à intensidade planejada pelo instrutor e a experimentada pelas alunas: Body Combat© (Instrutor: 3 vs. Alunas: 4,2 ± 0,6 – p<0,01), Body Pump© (terça-feira) (Instrutor: 2 vs. Alunas: 2,8 ± 0,6 – p<0,01) e Power Jump© (Instrutor: 6 vs. Alunas: 4,8 ± 0,7 – p<0,01) ministradas na 1ª semana e nas aulas de Body Step© (Instrutor: 5 vs. Alunas: 4,2 ± 0,7 – p<0,01) e Power Jump© (Instrutor: 6 vs. Alunas: 5,2 ± 0,5 – p<0,01) ministradas na 2ª semana. Os resultados sugerem que as aulas analisadas mantiveram o mesmo padrão de carga interna quando repetidas em semanas distintas. Entretanto, houve discrepância entre a intensidade planejada pelo instrutor e a experimentada pelas alunas. Estes resultados apontam a importância do monitoramento das cargas de treinamento em aulas pré-formatadas, especialmente no contexto do fitness.

The aim of this study was to quantify internal training loadimposed on different pre-formatted classes Les Mills® system and compare the perception ofeffort planned by the instructor with perceived by the students. The sample consisted of 20young women. 10 lessons were monitored for two consecutive weeks. The internal loadwas determined by the perceived exertion of the session (session-PSE) method. thevalues of PSE-session did not differ significantly from the 1st to 2nd week (Body Combat ©= 252 ± 36 vs. UA 258 ± 39 - p = 0.64; © Body Pump (Tuesday) = 171 ± 35 vs. 177 ± 30AU - p = 0.33; Body Step © = 246 ± 51 vs. UA- 252 ± 46 p = 0.43; © Body Pump (Thursday)= 183 ± 30 vs. 225 ± 38 UA- p = 0.06; Power Jump © = 291 ± 44 vs. UA- 315 ± 42 p = 0.06).Was no difference in 50% of lessons regarding the intensity planned by the instructor and theexperienced by the students: Body Combat © (Instructor: Students vs. 3: 4.2 ± 0.6 - p <0.01), Body© Pump (Tuesday) (Instructor: Students vs. 2: 2.8 ± 0.6 - p <0.01) and Power Jump © (Instructor: 6vs. Students: 4.8 ± 0.7 - p <0.01) in the 1st week and taught classes in Body Step © (Instructor:5 vs. Students: 4.2 ± 0.7 - p <0.01) and Power Jump © (Instructor: Students vs. 6: 5.2 ± 0.5 - p <0.01)held in the 2nd week. The results suggest that the classes analyzed maintained the samestandard internal load when repeated in different weeks. However, there was a discrepancybetween the intensity planned by the instructor and experienced by the students. these resultsindicate the importance of monitoring training loads at pre-formatted classes,especially in the context of fitness.

Is the self-selected resistance exercise intensity by older women consistent with the American College of Sports Medicine guidelines to improve muscular fitness?

The purpose of this study was to verify the self-selected intensity during resistance training (RT) in older women. Twenty healthy women (mean age, 65.6 years) underwent a 2-week familiarization period followed by 3 experimental sessions. During the first session, anthropometric measurements were taken. The second session involved completion of a 1 repetition maximum (1RM) test for the following exercises: chest press, leg press, lat pull-down, leg extension, lateral shoulder raise, leg curl, biceps curl, and triceps pushdown. Last, a single RT session was performed at a self-selected intensity. During the RT session, participants were instructed to self-select a load for performing 3 sets of 10-15 repetitions. Data were analyzed by mean (SD) and analysis of variance with repeated measures (p < 0.05). Global mean of the 3 sets was bench press 41.0% 1RM (11.9), leg press 43.0% 1RM (17.2), lat pull-down 47.2% 1RM (11.1), leg extension 33.0% 1RM (8.1), lateral shoulder raise 51.1% 1RM (12.1), leg curl 43.5% 1RM (8.8), biceps curl 48.0% 1RM (15.5), and triceps pushdown 51.7% 1RM (13.3); there were no significant differences between the sets (p > 0.05). These results indicate that inactive older women self-selected an intensity exercise during RT below the recommendation for improvements on muscle fitness in apparently healthy older adults. However, this intensity is recommended for very deconditioned individuals. Nevertheless, the use of self-selection strategy during an exercise program can have greater advantages because of its easy applicability, its positive relation with exercise adherence, and for promoting initial muscle conditioning in older adults. Furthermore, it is crucial to gradually increase the RT load to guarantee better and sustainable effects on muscle fitness. Finally, future studies are needed to establish the chronic effects of RT at self-selected intensity on muscle fitness and the functional health of older adults.

Comparison of energy cost between genders during treadmill walking at a self-selected pace / Comparação do gasto energético entre os gêneros durante a caminhada na esteira em ritmo autosselecionado

The purpose of this study was to compare the energy cost between genders during treadmill walking at self-selected pace; and to verify if the energy cost achieve the values recommended for weight maintenance or loss proposed by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). Seventeen men and seventeen women, mean age of 23.32 ± 3.06 years, undertaken two experimental sessions: (I) anthropometric measurements and a load-incremental maximum test; and, (II) a 20-min walking test at self-selected pace on treadmill. Men showed a greater energy cost than women (146.18 ± 47.66 and 100.86 ± 17.04 kcal, respectively). This difference was maintained after adjust by body weight (2.2 ± 0.5 and 1.7 ± 0.2 kcal kg-1, respectively). The greater energy cost found in men can be explained by the self-selected treadmill speed that lead to a greater O2 in men. However, the exercise intensity selected by both genders did not elicit an effective energy cost that can promote weight maintenance or loss. Nonetheless, if participants performed a longer walking (> 20 minutes), they probably would achieve the energy cost recommended by the ACSM guidelines.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar o gasto energético entre os gêneros durante a caminhada na esteira em ritmo auto-selecionado e verificar se a intensidade que os sujeitos buscam caminhar promove um dispêndio energético dentro do recomendado para a manutenção e/ou redução do peso corporal conforme proposto pelas diretrizes do ACSM. Participaram 17 homens e 17 mulheres com média de idade de 23,32 ± 3,06 anos, submetidos a duas sessões experimentais: (I) avaliação antropométrica e teste incremental máximo, e (II) um teste de 20 minutos de caminhada na esteira em ritmo auto-selecionado. Os homens apresentaram um gasto energético superior ao das mulheres (146,18 ± 47,66 e 100,86 ± 17,04 kcal, respectivamente). Essas diferenças persistiram após correção da massa corporal (2,2 ± 0,5 e 1,7 ± 0,2 kcal kg-1, respectivamente). Pode-se concluir que o maior gasto energético encontrado nos homens, foi decorrente da velocidade de caminhada auto-selecionada, proporcionando um O2 superior. Contudo a intensidade de caminhada selecionada por ambos os gêneros não foi suficiente para propiciar um gasto energético considerado efetivo para manutenção e/ou redução do peso corporal. Entretanto, é possível especular que se a atividade fosse realizda por um periodo mais longo (> 20 minutos), os indivíduos poderiam atingir as diretrizes propostas pelo ACSM.