ABSTRACT
Autoimmunity, allergy, and transplant rejection are a collection of chronic diseases that are currently incurable, drastically decrease patient quality of life, and consume considerable health care resources. Underlying each of these diseases is a dysregulated immune system that results in the mounting of an inflammatory response against self or an innocuous antigen. As a consequence, afflicted patients are required to adhere to lifelong regimens of multiple immunomodulatory drugs to control disease and reclaim agency. Unfortunately, current immunomodulatory drugs are associated with a myriad of side effects and adverse events, such as increased risk of cancer and increased risk of serious infection, which negatively impacts patient adherence rates and quality of life. The field of immunoengineering is a new discipline that aims to harness endogenous biological pathways to thwart disease and minimize side effects using novel biomaterial-based strategies. We highlight and discuss polymeric micro/nanoparticles with inherent immunomodulatory properties that are currently under investigation in biomaterial-based therapies for treatment of autoimmunity, allergy, and transplant rejection.
Subject(s)
Autoimmunity , Graft Rejection , Hypersensitivity , Polymers , Humans , Graft Rejection/immunology , Graft Rejection/prevention & control , Polymers/chemistry , Autoimmunity/drug effects , Hypersensitivity/immunology , Hypersensitivity/therapy , Animals , Biocompatible Materials/chemistry , Nanoparticles/chemistry , Autoimmune Diseases/therapy , Autoimmune Diseases/immunology , Immunomodulating Agents/therapeutic use , Immunologic Factors/therapeutic useABSTRACT
A new method for the synthesis of 5-substituted furan-3-carboxylates from Morita-Baylis-Hillman acetates of acetylenic aldehydes is reported. The process involves palladium-catalyzed isomerization followed by base-promoted deacetylation and cycloisomerization reactions. The utility of this chemistry is further demonstrated by the synthesis of Elliott's alcohol, a key intermediate of the pyrethroid resmethrins.
Subject(s)
Acetates/chemistry , Alcohols/chemical synthesis , Aldehydes/chemistry , Carboxylic Acids/chemical synthesis , Furans/chemical synthesis , Acetylation , Alcohols/chemistry , Carboxylic Acids/chemistry , Cyclization , Furans/chemistry , Molecular Structure , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
A novel C5-alkylation of oxindoles using alcohols as alkylating agents under acid catalysis is described for the first time. The reactions of various benzylic, allylic and propargylic alcohols are studied to obtain the corresponding 5-substituted oxindoles in good yields.
