ABSTRACT
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the major long-term complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). Type 2 DM is frequently associated with an inflammatory status, but limited information is available on the relationship between low-grade inflammation and DN. The aim of the study is to determine the serum level of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in DN patients and to compare with that of normal subjects and to study the association between serum hsCRP levels and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. Fifty DN patients in the age group of 50- 60 years with more than ten years of duration of diabetes were recruited for this study and 25 age-and sex-matched healthy subjects were included in this study as controls. Serum hsCRP levels were measured by turbidometry method. There was a statistically significant increase in serum hsCRP levels in DN cases as compared to normal controls. The hsCRP levels showed a positive correlation with HbA1c in DN. These results suggest that estimation of serum hsCRP levels and aiming at good glycemic control help in early intervention and prevention of further com-plications in diabetic patients.
Subject(s)
C-Reactive Protein/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetic Nephropathies/blood , Glycated Hemoglobin/metabolism , Creatinine/blood , Diabetic Nephropathies/etiology , Humans , Middle AgedSubject(s)
Analgesia, Epidural/adverse effects , Analgesia, Obstetrical/adverse effects , Anesthetics, Intravenous/chemistry , Anesthetics, Local/chemistry , Cerebrospinal Fluid/chemistry , Dura Mater/injuries , Thiopental/chemistry , Adjuvants, Anesthesia/chemistry , Analgesics, Opioid/chemistry , Bupivacaine/chemistry , Chemical Precipitation , Female , Fentanyl/chemistry , Humans , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , PregnancyABSTRACT
Subdural catheterization is a well described, but uncommon complication of attempted epidural block. Aspiration of blood or cerebrospinal fluid and use of a test dose can help identify venous or subarachnoid catheter placement but do not rule out subdural catheter placement. An unexpected high level of sensory block with relative sparing of lower extremity motor function is a consistent feature of subdural block. This report describes the early identification of subdural placement of a catheter intended for the epidural space. We present radiologic confirmation of the catheter's location, and describe its use to provide successful anesthesia for cesarean section and postoperative analgesia.
