ABSTRACT
Elevated peripheral expression of homocysteine (Hcy) is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease and stroke, diabetes, and cancer. It is also associated with cognitive impairment as it has been reported that high levels of Hcy cause cognitive dysfunction and memory deficit. Among several etiological factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Hcy seems to directly contribute to the generation of neurotoxicity factors. This study aims to hypothesize the molecular mechanism by which exercise can reduce the risk of neurological complications promoted by hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), and discuss how exercise could reduce the risk of developing AD by using bioinformatics network models. According to the genes network, there are connections between proteins and amino acids associated with Hcy, exercise, and AD. Studies have evidenced that exercise may be one of several processes by which acid nitric availability can be maximized in the human body, which is particularly important in reducing cell loss and tau pathology and, thereby, leading to a reduced risk of complications associated with HHcy and AD.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/metabolism , Exercise/physiology , Homocysteine/metabolism , Hyperhomocysteinemia/metabolism , Brain/metabolism , Cognitive Dysfunction/metabolism , Computational Biology , Humans , Oxidative StressSubject(s)
Aging , Coronavirus Infections , Geriatric Psychiatry , Health Services for the Aged , Influenza, Human , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral , Telemedicine , Vaccination/methods , Aged , Aging/physiology , Aging/psychology , Betacoronavirus , Brazil/epidemiology , COVID-19 , Communicable Disease Control/methods , Continuity of Patient Care/trends , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Coronavirus Infections/psychology , Geriatric Psychiatry/methods , Geriatric Psychiatry/standards , Geriatric Psychiatry/trends , Health Services for the Aged/supply & distribution , Health Services for the Aged/trends , Humans , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Mental Health/trends , Norway/epidemiology , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Pneumonia, Viral/psychology , Portugal/epidemiology , SARS-CoV-2 , Telemedicine/methods , Telemedicine/organization & administrationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Exact information on drug use is important information at admittance to hospital departments. The aim of this study was to validate the information given in the referral regarding benzodiazepine use by analysis of serum samples. METHODS: A total of 241 patients were included at admittance to a geriatric psychiatry department. Information on use of benzodiazepines according to the referral was recorded, and serum samples were analysed for benzodiazepine drugs. The number of patients with incorrect information in the referral was calculated for each benzodiazepine. RESULTS: Information on benzodiazepine use was included in 60 % of patient referrals. However, serum analyses revealed the use of different or additional benzodiazepines compared with the referral information in 24 % of the patients. In 10 % of the patients, a benzodiazepine was detected despite no information on benzodiazepine use at all in the referral. For diazepam, 70 % of users were identified by serum analyses only, while this number was lower for the other benzodiazepines. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that benzodiazepine use is widespread in geriatric psychiatry, but that information about the use of these drugs is very often incorrect. This may have significant clinical consequences if symptoms caused by use or abrupt cessation of benzodiazepines are misinterpreted.
