Draft genome sequence of propane- and butane-oxidizing Rhodococcus ruber IEGM 333 able to accumulate cesium.

A genome of Rhodococcus ruber IEGM 333 was sequenced and annotated. This bacterium had pronounced propane- and n-butane-oxidizing and cesium-accumulating activities. The obtained sequence could be used to reveal the genetic mechanisms of these activities and efficiently exploit the biotechnological potential of propanotrophic Rhodococcus.

Rhodococcus Strains from the Specialized Collection of Alkanotrophs for Biodegradation of Aromatic Compounds.

The ability to degrade aromatic hydrocarbons, including (i) benzene, toluene, o-xylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, benzo[a]anthracene, and benzo[a]pyrene; (ii) polar substituted derivatives of benzene, including phenol and aniline; (iii) N-heterocyclic compounds, including pyridine; 2-, 3-, and 4-picolines; 2- and 6-lutidine; 2- and 4-hydroxypyridines; (iv) derivatives of aromatic acids, including coumarin, of 133 Rhodococcus strains from the Regional Specialized Collection of Alkanotrophic Microorganisms was demonstrated. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of these aromatic compounds for Rhodococcus varied in a wide range from 0.2 up to 50.0 mM. o-Xylene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were the less-toxic and preferred aromatic growth substrates. Rhodococcus bacteria introduced into the PAH-contaminated model soil resulted in a 43% removal of PAHs at an initial concentration 1 g/kg within 213 days, which was three times higher than that in the control soil. As a result of the analysis of biodegradation genes, metabolic pathways for aromatic hydrocarbons, phenol, and nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds in Rhodococcus, proceeding through the formation of catechol as a key metabolite with its following ortho-cleavage or via the hydrogenation of aromatic rings, were verified.

Adhesion of Rhodococcus bacteria to solid hydrocarbons and enhanced biodegradation of these compounds.

Adhesive activities of hydrocarbon-oxidizing Rhodococcus bacteria towards solid hydrocarbons, effects of adhesion on biodegradation of these compounds by rhodococcal cells and adhesion mechanisms of Rhodococcus spp. were studied in this work. It was shown that efficiency of Rhodococcus cells' adhesion to solid n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) varied from 0.0 to 10.6·106 CFU/cm2. R. erythropolis IEGM 212 and R. opacus IEGM 262 demonstrated the highest (≥ 4.3·106 CFU/cm2) adhesion. The percentage biodegradation of solid hydrocarbons (n-hexacosane and anthracene as model substrates) by Rhodococcus cells was 5 to 60% at a hydrocarbon concentration of 0.2% (w/w) after 9 days and strongly depended on cell adhesive activities towards these compounds (r ≥ 0.71, p < 0.05). No strict correlation between the adhesive activities of rhodococcal cells and physicochemical properties of bacteria and hydrocarbons was detected. Roughness of the cell surface was a definitive factor of Rhodococcus cell adhesion to solid hydrocarbons. Specific appendages with high adhesion force (≥ 0.6 nN) and elastic modulus (≥ 6 MPa) were found on the surface of Rhodococcus cells with high surface roughness. We hypothesized that these appendages participated in the adhesion process.

Draft Genome Sequence of a Ketoprofen Degrader, Rhodococcus erythropolis IEGM 746.

We report a draft genome sequence of Rhodococcus erythropolis IEGM 746 isolated from oil-polluted soil from an oil-extracting enterprise, Udmurt Republic, Russia. This strain was able to degrade ketoprofen, a commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Using the obtained sequence, putative genes encoding enzymes for ketoprofen degradation were revealed.

Responses to Ecopollutants and Pathogenization Risks of Saprotrophic Rhodococcus Species.

Under conditions of increasing environmental pollution, true saprophytes are capable of changing their survival strategies and demonstrating certain pathogenicity factors. Actinobacteria of the genus Rhodococcus, typical soil and aquatic biotope inhabitants, are characterized by high ecological plasticity and a wide range of oxidized organic substrates, including hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Their cell adaptations, such as the ability of adhering and colonizing surfaces, a complex life cycle, formation of resting cells and capsule-like structures, diauxotrophy, and a rigid cell wall, developed against the negative effects of anthropogenic pollutants are discussed and the risks of possible pathogenization of free-living saprotrophic Rhodococcus species are proposed. Due to universal adaptation features, Rhodococcus species are among the candidates, if further anthropogenic pressure increases, to move into the group of potentially pathogenic organisms with "unprofessional" parasitism, and to join an expanding list of infectious agents as facultative or occasional parasites.

Adhesion of Rhodococcus ruber IEGM 342 to polystyrene studied using contact and non-contact temperature measurement techniques.

Adhesion of industrially important bacteria to solid carriers through the example of actinobacterium Rhodococcus ruber IEGM 342 adhered to polystyrene was studied using real-time methods, such as infrared (IR) thermography and thermometry with platinum resistance (PR) detectors. Dynamics of heat rate and heat production was determined at early (within first 80 min) stages of rhodococcal cell adhesion. Heat rate was maximal (1.8 × 10-3-2.7 × 10-3 W) at the moment of cell loading. Heat production was detected for the entire length of adhesion, and its dynamics depended on concentration of rhodococcal cells. At high (1 × 1010 CFU/ml) cell concentration, a stimulative (in 1.7 and 1.4 times consequently) effect of polystyrene treatment with Rhodococcus-biosurfactant on the number of adhered rhodococcal cells and cumulative heat production at rhodococcal cell adhesion was revealed. The values of heat flows (heat rate 0.3 × 10-3-2.7 × 10-3 W, heat production up to 8.2 × 10-3 J, and cumulative heat production 0.20-0.53 J) were 5-30 times higher than those published elsewhere that indicated high adhesive activity of R. ruber IEGM 342 towards polystyrene. To analyze experimental results and predict effects of boundary conditions on the temperature distribution, a mathematical model for heating a polystyrene microplate with distributed heat sources has been developed. Two independent experimental methods and the numerical modeling make it possible to verify the experimental results and to propose both contact and non-contact techniques for analyzing kinetics of bacterial adhesion.